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H.  L.  Dixon  Company 

CONTRACTORS  AND  BUILDERS  OF 

Glasshouse  Furnaces 
Annealing  Lehrs 
Gas  Producers 

and  all  appliances  for  the  manufacture  of 


Plate  Glass 
Wire  Glass 
Skylight  Glass 
Cathedral  Glass 
Ribbed  Glass 
Prism  Glass 
Window  Glass 


Crystal  Glassware 
Tableware  and  Tumblers 
Flint  Bottles 

Green  and  Amber  Bottles 
Lamp  Chimneys 
Fruit  Jars  and  Liners 
Opal  Glass 


MANUFACTURERS  of  all 

Ironwork,  Tools,  Implements 
and  Factory  Furniture 


Dealers  in 


PURE  SAXONY  MANGANESE 

(Powdered  and  Granulated) 

TANK  BLOCKS  FIRE  CLAYS 

FURNACE  BLOCKS  AND 

FIRE  BRICK  SILICA  BRICK 


Copyrighted  1908 
H.  L.  Dixon  Company 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 


PREPARED  BY 

CHARLES  W.  BROOKE 
Advertising  Engineer.  Pittsburg 


THE  CORDAY  A  GROSS  CO. 
PRINTERS  DESIGNERS  ENGRAVERS 
CLEVELAND 

Price,  Per  Copy,  $3.00 


Introductory 

LONG  experience  in  designing  and  con¬ 
structing  furnaces  and  appliances  for  the 
manufacture  of  glass,  has  led  to  the  develop¬ 
ment  of  many  improvements  which  have 
-  resulted  in  a  great  saving  of  fuel  and  a 
reduction  of  operating  expense,  as  well  as  a 
very  large  increase  in  production. 

The  adoption  of  the  continuous  tank  furnace,  first  for 
the  manufacture  of  green  and  amber  bottles,  to  be  later 
followed  in  quick  succession  for  the  making  of  window 
glass,  flint  bottles  and  tableware,  has  probably  been  the 
most  important  innovation,  as  well  as  one  that  has 
affected  the  condition  of  the  glass  business  more  than 
any  other. 

The  adaptation  of  the  well-known  Siemens  regener¬ 
ative  system  to  rectangular,  circular  and  elliptical  pot 
furnaces,  has  not  only  reduced  the  fuel  consumption,  but 
has  increased  the  melting  capacity  of  such  furnaces, 
improved  the  quality  of  the  glass  and  reduced  the  danger 
of  breaking  pots  to  the  minimum. 

The  introduction  and  perfection  of  the  continuous  lehr 
for  annealing  plate  glass,  has  upset  the  accepted 
theories  of  the  experienced 
manufacturers  of  polished 
plate  glass.  The  delivery  of 
plates  through  a  lehr  within 
three  or  four  hours  after  the 
glass  lay  in  the  pot  in  a 
molten  state,  instead  of  leav¬ 
ing  them  in  a  kiln  from  two 
to  three  days,  was,  only  a 
very  short  time  ago,  consid¬ 
ered  an  impossibility. 

Blowinc;  and  Moulding 
Lantern  Globes 
(Flint  Glass  Factory) 


5 


1  111  p  r  o  V  e  111  e  n  t  in  the 
quality  and  preparation  of 
furnace  material  has  kept 
pace  with  the  demand  for 
1)etter  and  more  refractory 
material,  due  to  the  increase 
of  furnace  production  and 
the  employment  of  a  much 
higher  range  of  temper¬ 
atures.  The  latest  develop¬ 
ment  is  that  almost  inde¬ 
structible  material  known 
as  Corundite,  destined  to 
come  into  general  use  in  the 
near  future. 

The  introduction  and  improvement  of  machinery  in 
the  manufacture  of  all  lines  of  glassware,  have  made 
rapid  strides  in  the  last  few  years  and  have  met  with 


int;  a  Howl 
(Flint  Class  Factory.i 


such  pronounced  success  as  to  shatter  many  more 


holiliies  of  the  conservatives. 

In  the  rapid  march  of  inii)rovement,  we  have  ever 
l)een  in  the  front  rank;  many  of  the  improved  ajipliances 
now  in  use  having'  originated  with  us.  What  we  have 
to  offer  in  this  line  is  based  upon  a  certain  knowledge, 
ac([uircd  by  actual  exiierience,  of  the  results  that  can  he 
obtained. 


Drawing  I’o'  ok  Mktai.  krom  Fi’RN^ 
For  Fl'rkosk,  oi'  Casting 
I  Plate  Class  Factory  i 


Important 

WE  are  prepared  to  contract  for 
the  construction  and  equip¬ 
ment  of  glass  manufacturing  plants 
complete,  to  make  the  glass  and  start 
them  in  successful  operation.  We 
have  complete  data  as  to  the  cost  of 
manufacture,  both  with  producer  gas 
and  with  natural  gas,  and  we  employ 
the  most  competent  and  experienced 
men  in  designing,  constructing  and 
operating  glass  plants  of  every 
description.  We  have  also  the  recipes 
or  formulas  for  all  kinds  of  glass,  in 
opal,  crystal  or  colors,  both  for  tank 
and  pot  furnaces,  all  for  use  of  our 
customers  and  patrons. 


Casting  a  Fot  uk  s  TAiu.i 

I  FI ;ite’ Class  FJuff.on^ 


8 


'I'hc  W'jrks  at  Kosslyii  Station,  Carnegie,  Pa. 


Manufacturing  and  Shipping 

Facilities 

/^UR  Foundry  and  Machine  Shop  is  located 
^^at  Rosslyn  Station,  Carneg'ie,  Pa.,  on  line  of 
P.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.  Ry.  and  the  P.  C.  &  Y.  R.  R., 
which  gives  us  connection  with  the  Erie  R.  R., 
L.  S.  &  M.  S.  and  B.  (Y  O.  Railway  Systems, 
as  well  as  the  Pennsylvania. 

The  Machine  Shop  is  equipped  with  modern 
machinery  for  the  manufacture  of  glasshouse 
tools  and  implements,  as  well  as  a  general  line 
of  machine  work,  and  the  fabrication  of  structural 
material  and  other  ironwork  used  in  the  construc¬ 
tion  of  furnaces,  lehrs,  gloryholes,  etc.,  etc. 

With  our  FYundry  supplied  with  modern 
facilities,  in  connection  with  the  Machine  Shop, 
we  are  prepared  to  execute  promptly  all  orders 
for  machines,  tools,  moulds,  implements,  furnaces 
and  lehrs. 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Regenerative  Flint  Glass 
Pot  Furnaces 

llESE  furnaces  (Eig.  1)  are  built  either  iu  elliptical 
or  circular  form  and  for  14  to  20  ])ots,  with  no  vacant 
pot  openings,  the  ports  being  entirely  within  the  cir¬ 
cle  of  pots;  for  less  than  14  ])ots  it  is  necessary  to 
either  omit  a  pot  on  each  side  or  to  use  pots  in  these 
places  of  a  reduced  size. 

44ic  elliptical  furnace  is  not  as  good  as  the  circular  furnace 
for  several  reasons ;  besides  the  greater  inconvenience  of  working 
around  them,  the  pots  do  not  melt  uniformly,  the  middle  pots 
melting  three  or  four  hours  faster  than  the  end  pots ;  the  strength, 
permanency  and  durability  of  a  circular  furnace  makes  that  form 
of  construction  much  more  desirable ;  the  distribution  of  the  heat 
is  uniform  and  there  is  no  variation  in  the  melting  time,  thus 
enabling  the  glassmaker  to  more  accurately  adjust  the  coloring 
and  to  arrange  for  working  the  shops  to  advantage.  The  fuel 
saving  is  from  50  to  00  ])er  cent,  either  with  producer  gas  or 
natural  gas. 

This  furnace  is  built  for  either  natural  gas  or  producer  gas 
and  can  easily  he  changed  from  one  to  the  other  without  any 
alterations  or  stop])ing  operation. 

Old  style  furnaces  can  readily  he  remodeled  to  this  plan,  and 
the  saving  of  fuel  and  pots  will  soon  repay  the  cost  of  the  change. 

Our  patented  regenerative  furnace  with  the  regenerators  at 
one  side  of  the  furnace,  under  the  factory  floor  in  the  basement, 
and  having  the  gas  and  air  ports  entirely  within  the  circle  of 
pots,  is  easily  adai^ed  to  old  style  furnaces,  avoiding  much  (E 
the  expense  of  remodeling. 

We  have  twenty-three  furnaces  of  this  type  in  operation, 
and  thev  recommend  themselves,  having  entirely  superseded 
the  Nicholson  and  Oill  h'urnaces,  the  best  types  of  former  days. 

W’e  are  ])re]rared,  however,  to  build  or  repair  any  style  of 
furnace  desired,  either  “Gill,”  “Nicholson,”  “Deep  Eye,” 
“Murphy”  or  old  style  “Side  Teasers,”  or  the  simple  form  of 
eye  for  use  of  natural  gas. 


11 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Flint  Glass  Lehrs 


The  proper  construction  and  regulation  of  the  lehrs  used 
for  annealing  glassware  is  a  very  important  feature  of  the 
glass  business.  The  ordinary  type  of  pan  lehr  is  constructed 
for  use  of  coke,  oil  and  natural  gas,  and  by  use  of  our  Patented 
Air  Mixer  Burners  we  have  successfully  applied  producer  gas 
for  this  purpose,  both  with  fires  under  the  pans  and  with  the 
burners  above  the  pans,  the  latter  is  preferable,  because  the 
sulphur  stains  due  to  under  firing  is  entirely  avoided  and  the 
ware  is  clean.  Lehrs  fired  in  this  way  are  in  use  for  annealing 
heavy  bottles  and  all  lines  of  glassware.  We  build  pan  lehrs 
in  single  and  double  deck,  the  latter  being  useful  where  it  is 
necessary  to  economize  room. 


To  dispense  with  the  inconvenience  of  using  a  series  of  pans, 
we  have  perfected  a  lehr  with  an  endless  carrier  that  may  be 
propelled  by  hand  or  by  electric  motor  or  other  power,  either 
moving  continuously  or  intermittently. 

By  our  method  of  applying  producer  gas  in  lehrs,  with  burn¬ 
ers  above  the  pans,  the  combustion  can  be  so  accurately  controlled 
as  to  eliminate  all  smoke  and  soot  from  the  lehr,  resulting  in 
clean  ware  free  from  sulphur  stain. 


Fig.  2.  Lehr  Fronts 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Gloryholes 

We  construct  gloryholes  (Fig.  3)  of  the  most  approved  type 
for  finishing  all  kinds  of  pressed  ware,  blown  ware,  lamp  chim¬ 
neys,  bottles,  etc.,  and  have  successfully  applied  producer  gas  for 
this  purpose.  We  manufacture  and  construct  these  in  the  best 
manner  and  make  a  specialty  of  portable  gloryholes  for  use  of 
oil  or  gas. 


Pot-Arches  and  Mould  Ovens 


To  insure  the  successful  use  of  pots,  it  is  necessary  to  have 
pot-arches  that  will  heat  them  properly  and 
uniformly.  We  build  them  (Fig.  4)  with  this 
purpose  in  view,  for  natural  gas,  producer  gas 
or  direct  firing. 

The  old  method  of  heating  moulds  by  filling 
them  with  glass  is  not  only  wasteful  but  injuri¬ 
ous  to  the  mould.  A  mould  oven  with 
a  carriage  on  a  track  is  a  great  con¬ 
venience,  and  facilitates  the  work  by 
having  the  moulds  ready  and  uni¬ 
formly  heated. 

Decorating  Ovens  and  Lehrs 

We  manufacture  and  construct 
decorating  muffle  kilns  either  with  tile 
lining  or  with  boiler  plate  lining;  the 
latter  is  convenient  for  quick  firing  but 
is  not  as  durable  as  the  tile  lined  kiln. 

Our  kilns  are  securely  bound  and  have 
substantial  clay  or  brick  lined  doors. 

We  also  furnish  the  ware-racks  when 
required. 

Continuous  lehrs  for  decorating 
are  extensively  used  for  all  kinds  of 
ware ;  the  best  class  of  lamps,  shades 

and  globes  are  burnt  in  them  and  they  have  a  much  greater 
capacity  than  kilns.  We  build  them  with  tile  lined  muflfles,  or 
for  the  cheaper  grades  of  ware  with  open  fires  for  natural  gas. 
They  are  effective,  convenient  and  speedy. 


Fig.  3.  CTloryhole 


13 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Arclics  and  Moidd  ( )vcn 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Stained  Glass  Kilns 

We  make  kilns  for  burning  stained  glassware  of  boiler  jdate, 
either  in  eircnlar  or  elliptical  form,  or  with  straight  sides  and 
bottom  and  arched  top.  The  ware  pans  may  be  supported  upon 
cast  iron  stands  or  by  angles  riveted  to  the  sides  of  the  muffle. 
They  are  set  up  singly  or  in  batteries  and  the  ware  pans  and 
stands  are  furnished  complete  if  desired.  They  are  particularly 
useful  for  rapid  firing,  as  they  can  be  heated  and  cooled  quickly. 

Opal  Glass  Tanks 

Daily  melting  tank  furnaces  of  two  to  ten  tons  cai)acity  are 
in  general  use  for  opal,  hint  and  other  kinds  of  glass,  and  while 
they  are  useful  in  many  instances  for  special  purposes,  they  are 
not  intended  for  a  large  production  and  are  not  as  economical  as 
continuous  tanks.  To  insure  good  results  and  lowest  cost  for 
fuel,  they  should  be  constructed  with  regenerators,  although  most 
of  them  are  operated  by  direct  firing,  but  with  some  waste  of  fuel. 

Continuous  Melting  Tank  Furnaces  for  Opal  Glass  are  now 
being  used  and  a  very  good  quality  of  glass  is  made  in  them, 
d'he  cost  of  operating  is  materially  reduced,  the  production 
increased  and  the  life  of  the  furnace  is  prolonged;  three  very 
important  features  worthy  of  consideration.  We  are  prepared 
to  build  them. 

Continuous  Melting  Tank  Furnaces  of  our  design  and 
construction  have  been  almost  universally  adopted  for  the 
manufacture  of  green.^amber  and  flint  bottles,  as  well  as  the 
cheaper  grades  of  tableware,  tumblers,  lamp  chimneys,  bar 
goods,  etc.  .  d"hey  are  also  extensively  used  for  the  manufac¬ 
ture  of  wire  glass,  skylight  and  prism  glass,  either  in  crystal 
or  light  green. 

The  introduction  of  this  type  of  furnace  has  been  responsible 
for  an  enormous  increase  in  tbe  production  of  this  class  of  glass¬ 
ware,  and,  in  the  hands  of  the  skilled  glassmaker,  produces  glass 
that  is  scarcel}-  distinguishable  from  pot  glass. 

We  construct  these  furnaces  with  a  view  of  obtaining  the 
largest  i^roduction  of  best  quality  with  the  lowest  expenditure  of 
fuel,  and  have  attained  results. which  have  never  been  ecpialed. 


lo 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


16 


End  Port  Tank  Furnace 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Pictorial  Sketch  of 


Modern  Pressing  and  Blowing  Machinery 


The  Original 
Washington  Beck 
Side  Lever  Press 

is  still  the  best 
and  most  durable 


Fig.  6 

A  Standard  Press 


C  o  X  -  W I N  D  E  R  Semi-Automatic 
Pressing  and  Blowing  Machine 

Adaptable  for  large  and 
small  bottles,  fruit  jars, 
milk  bottles,  etc. 


17 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  8 

Owens  Automatic  Gathering  and  Bi.owing  Machine 
For  the  manufacture  of  all  lines  of  hollow  glassware 


18 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  9.  Teeple-Johnson  (Large) 

The  Teeple-Johnson  Pressing  and  Blowing  Machines 

Is  very  simple  in  construction  and  operation 
It  is  used  extensively  for  milk  jars  and  wide  mouth  ware 


Fig.  10.  Teeple-Johnson  (Small) 
19 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


-  Fig.  11 


Johxson-F ky  Semi-Automatic 
Pressing  and  Blowing  Machine 

Suitable  for  jars,  milk  bottles,  lantern 
globes  and  a  full  line  of  semi-wide 
mouth  bottles 


Miller  Semi-Automatic 
Pressing  and  Bloaving  Machine 
Suitable  for  full  line  of  jars  and 
wide  mouth  bottles 


Fig.  12 


20 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


The  Blue 

Improved  Semi-Automatic 
Pressixo  and  Blowing  Machine 

Used  extensively  for  fruit  jars 
and  all  wide  mouth  bottles 


Fig.  13 


The  Pierpont-Demming 
Blowing  Machine 
In  use  for  manufacture  of  beers,  sodas 
and  other  narrow  neck  bottles 


Fig.  14 


21 


.-isb# 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig. 15 


The  Winder  Semi-Automatic 
Pressing  AND  Blowing  Machine 
For  narrow  neck  liottles 


The  Pancoast 
Multiple  Pressing  and 
Blowing  Machine 
Particularly  noted  for  large  pro¬ 
duction  of  small  semi-wide 
mouth  bottles 


Fig.  Ifi 


22 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  17 

The  O’Neil-Gordon  Pressing  and  Blowing  Machine 
Used  for  milk  jars  and  other  wide  mouth  ware 


23 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


24 


Side  Port  Tank  Kiirnace  with  Crane  Filling  Slunel 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Window  Glass  Tank  Furnaces 

The  continuous  melting  tank  furnace  (Tig.  18)  has  entirely 
superseded  the  pot  furnace  of  former  days  for  the  manufacture 
of  window  glass.  Whether  operated  with  natural  gas  or  pro¬ 
ducer  gas,  there  is  a  great  improvement  in  the  quality  of  the 
glass  produced  as  well  as  a  considerable  saving  of  fuel  and 
labor,  as  compared  with  the  best  type  of  pot  furnaces. 

We  construct  them  of  any  capacity  from  12  blowers  up  to 
60,  and  it  is  generally  conceded  that  tanks  of  our  construction 
are  the  most  substantial  and  durable,  and  that  they  embody 
all  of  the  necessary  conveniences  to  facilitate  the  resetting  of 
blocks  and  making  repairs.  ^ 

Our  patented  blow'-over  tanks  are  of  the  best  design  and 
construction  for  the  perfect  regulation  of  the  temperatures  for 
melting,  blowdng  and  gathering.  The  record  w'e  have  made  in 
production,  (juality  and  economy  of  fuel  stands  pre-eminent. 

Machinery  is  rapidly  displacing  hand  labor  for  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  window  glass.  The  Lubbers  cylinder  machine  was 
first  introduced  and  is  now  extensively  used.  Other  cylinder 
machines,  such  as  the  Slingluff,  Milliron,  Pease  and  Bolin  are 
being  perfected  and  installed  in  rapid  succession,  for  drawing 
directly  from  the  tank.  The  latest  achievement  in  the  manu¬ 
facture  of  sheet  glass  is  the  perfection  of  the  Colburn  Sheet 
Glass  Drawing  and  Annealing  Machine  (Tigs.  19  and  20) 
which  delivers  a  continuous  sheet  of  glass  of  any  desired 
thickness  from  the  tank  furnace  to  the  discharge  end  of  the 
lehr,  dispensing  with  blowing  and  flattening. 

It  is  evident  that  the  arrangement  of  the  tank  furnaces  for 
the  proper  regulation  of  the  temperatures  in  the  drawing 
chambers,  as  well  as  for  the  melting  and  refining  of  the  glass, 
is  of  the  greatest  importance,  and  is  essential  to  the  successful 
operation  of  the  machines.  An  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
requirements  of  both  cylinder  and  sheet  drawing  machines 
enables  us  to  make  the  alterations  necessary  to  adapt  old 
furnaces  to  the  use  of  machines,  as  well  as  to  properly  con¬ 
struct  new  ones  for  that  purpose. 

The  convenience  of  the  arrangement  to  facilitate  the  hand¬ 
ling  of  the  cylinders  or  sheets  without  liability  of  breakage 
and  with  the  minimum  expenditure  of  labor,  is  of  the  utmost 
importance  and  requires  careful  attention  on  the  part  of  the 
engineer  in  preparing  the  specifications  for  such  alterations 
and  equipment. 


25 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


2() 


Tmk  Comuikn  Winijow  (iI.ass  Drawing  Machink  and  Annkai.ing  Lehr 

(Built  by  JL  L.  Dixon  Co.) 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


27 


Fig.  20.  (Delivering  End) 

MEi.TiN(i  Tank  and  Coi.kurn  Window  (Idass  Drawing  Machine  and  Anneai.ini;  Lehr 

IBuilt  by  H.  L.  Dixon  Co.) 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Flattening  Ovens  and  Lehrs 

The  four-stone  llattening  oven 
and  lehr  introduced  in  this  country 
by  Cleon  Tondeur  in  1882,  is  the 
only  style  of  oven  and  lehr  that  is 
built  today.  Its  advantages  were 
quickly  recognized  and  its  adoption 
by  all  of  the  window  glass  manufac¬ 
turers  was  rapid  and  universal. 

We  have  made  many  improve¬ 
ments  in  its  design  and  construction 
and  use  lehr  machinery  mounted  on 
anti-friction  bearings  which  has 
many  advantages  over  the  old  style 
of  machinery.  The  sizes  are  as  fol¬ 
lows  :  wheels  14'-9"  diameter  with  lehr  44'-0"  long,  6'-6"  wide 

inside ;  wheels  16'-0"  diameter  with  lehr  48'-0"  long,  7'-6"  wide 

inside;  wheels  18'-0"  diameter  with  lehr  52'-0"  long,  8'-4"  wide 

inside. 

I'hese  lehrs  and  ovens  are  constructed  in  a  most  substantial 
manner,  and  with  a  due  regard  for  proper  firing  and  the  perfect 
regulation  of  the  temperature. 

Blowing  Furnaces 

These  furnaces  we  construct  for  blowing  on  both  sides  or 
with  one  blind  side,  either  with  straight  or  curved  sides ;  the 

latter  providing  plenty  of 
room  for  foot-benches  and  for 
full  length  cranes.  The  pipe 
heating  and  blowing  furnaces 
are  so  constructed  that  they 
drain  to  a  tap  hole. 

Floater  Kilns 

We  build  these  kilns  of 
various  sizes  to  suit  the  length 
of  the  floaters.  They  are  suit¬ 
able  for  burning  rings,  blocks 
and  flattening  stones  as  well 

Bi.OWING  TH1-:  Cvi.lNUKRS 
(Window  Glass  F'actory) 


First  Process:  Formjns  the  Cap 
(Window  Glass  Factory) 


28 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


cylindkks  These  furnaces  are  con- 

ss  Factory)  structecl  for  20  to  24  pots,  of 

the  Siemens  regenerative  type  for  either  natural  or  producer  gas, 
with  the  ports  in  the  end  walls  or  in  the  siege.  They  are  sub¬ 
stantial  in  design  and  construction ;  the  buckstays  are  heavy  and 
they  are  provided  with  the  best  and  most  approved  tuile  hoists 
and  tuiles.  The  regenerators,  flues  and  reversing  valves  are  of 
large  proportions,  insuring  a  hot,  even  running  furnace  and  a  low 
fuel  cost. 


as  floaters.  The  doors  are 
made  of  heavy  steel  angles, 
well  braced  and  filled  with  fire 
clay,  and  are  hinged  on  the 
front  buckstays.  The  brick 
chimney  is  bound  with  angles 
and  provided  with  damper  and 
frame  at  the  top  for  regulating 
the  draught. 

Plate  Glass  Melting 
Furnaces 


Plate  Glass  Annealing  Kilns 

Kilns  for  one,  two  or  three  plates  each  are  now  in  general 
use  for  large  plates.  We  have  successfully  applied  producer  gas 
to  these  kilns,  by  use  of  a  special  burner  we  employ  for  that 
purpose.  We  construct  them  for  use  of  natural  gas  also,  com¬ 
plete  with  all  ap])liances. 

Plate  Glass  Annealing  Lehrs 

We  first  adapted  the  Tondeur  rod  lehr  system  for  the  anneal¬ 
ing  of  plate  glass  in  1898.  Since  that  time  it  has  been  improved, 
until  now  it  is  used  generally  for  most  of  the  plate  glass  under 
200  scpiare  feet.  This  was  the  first  important  innovation  in  that 
business  since  the  adoption  of  the  Siemens  regenerative  furnace 
many  years  ago. 

We  apply  producer  gas  to  these  lehrs  also,  and  construct  them 
for  all  lines  of  rolled  sheets,  including  wire  glass,  prism,  skylight, 
cathedral  and  plate  glass.  We  use  a  special  heavy  section  lehr 
rod  mounted  on  anti-friction  bearings  and  arranged  to  be  oper¬ 
ated  by  compressed  air,  electric  motors,  hydraulic  or  steam  power. 
We  also  provide  and  install  mechanical  stowing  tools  for  operation 
with  power,  and  a  complete  pyrometer  system. 


29 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Glass  Bending  Kilns  and  Lehrs 

These  are  constructed  as  single  kilns,  or  a  group  of  kilns  pro¬ 
vided  with  lehrs,  and  are  used  for  bending  both  plate  glass  and 
window  glass. 

The  lehrs  are  equipped  with  pyrometers  to  accurately  record 
the  temperatures  and  to  provide  for  the  easy  regulation  of 
uniformly  graduated  temperatures. 

Forms  for  bending  are  provided  if  desired,  or  we  can  furnish 
rolls  for  bending  the  forms.  Bending  kilns  and  lehrs  are  built 
for  use  of  all  kinds  of  fuel,  natural  gas  or  producer  gas,  coke, 
coal  or  wood. 

Recuperative  Furnaces 

• 

The  recuperative,  non-reversible  type  of  hot  air  furnace  was 
introduced  in  Germany  some  years  ago  and  several  have  been 
constructed  in  this  country.  They  are  well  adapted  for  some 
styles  of  furnaces  and,  in  addition  to  the  advantage  of  running 
continuously  without  reversing,  they  are  economical  in  consump¬ 
tion  of  fuel  and  substantial  and  durable  in  construction.  We  have 
the  plans  embodying  the  latest  improvements  and  are  preparing 
to  apply  it  for  various  purposes  where  the  reversible  type  of 
furnace  is  objectionable. 

The  End-Port  Tank  Furnace 

Furnaces  embodying  the  principles  of  the  end-port  tank  fur¬ 
nace  (Fig.  5)  were  in  use  many  years  ago,  employing  what  is 
known  as  the  horseshoe  flame,  wherein  the  ports  were  on  one  end 
or  one  side  of  the  furnace  chamber,  the  elements  of  combustion 
alternately  entering  one  and  passing  out  of  the  other,  the  direction 
of  the  flame  being  in  the  shape  of  a  horseshoe.  This  style  or 
type  of  tank  furnace  has  the  advantage  of  being  less  in  extreme 
width,  although  of  greater  length  than  the  tank  with  the 
regenerators  and  ports  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  melting 
chamber  (Fig.  18)  which  makes  it  more  adaptable  to  factories 
where  a  greater  width  is  objectionable.  The  ports  and  regener¬ 
ators  being  at  the  end  of  the  melting  chamber,  makes  it  possible 
to  arrange  the  shops  around  the  gathering  end  to  better  advan¬ 
tage,  the  side  or  corner  shops  having  as  comfortable  a  place  to 
work  as  any  of  the  others.  This  is  the  chief  advantage  of  the 
end-port  construction,  for  it  has  been  demonstrated  conclusively 
that,  for  the  same  production,  the  melting  chamber  must  be  much 
larger  than  is  required  for  the  side-port  tank,  which  results  in 
some  saving  in  the  cost  of  repairs.  We  have  both  types  in 
operation  and  are  prepared  to  build  either,  as  may  be  desired. 
We  construct  them  for  use  of  natural  gas,  producer  gas  or  oil 
as  fuel,  and  guarantee  satisfactory  results  as  to  quality  of 
glass,  production,  and  consumption  of  fuel. 


80 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Gas  Producers 

HE  steam  blast,  water-sealed  type  of  producer  has 
almost  entirely  superseded  the  old  style  “Siemens” 
and  “Wellman”  producers,  because  of  its  greater  effi¬ 
ciency  and  the  better  facilities  provided  for  cleaning 
while  in  operation. 

The  various  types  are  the  “Herrick,”  “Duff,”  “Dixon,”  "Swin¬ 
dell,”  “Wood”  and  others,  all  embodying  the  same  general 
principles  and  differing  only  in  the  position  of  the  grates  and 
arrangement  of  hoppers  and  poke-holes. 

We  construct  the  “Dutf”  (Fig.  21)  and  “Dixon”  pro¬ 
ducers  in  two  sizes ;  the  standard  having  a  shell  lO'-O”  in  diameter, 
IT-O”  in  height;  measuring  7'-0”  x  7'-0”  inside  of  lining  and 
having  a  steel  water  pan  7'-0"  wide ;  it  has  a  brick,  arched  top 
provided  with  one  central  bell  hopper  and  six  poke-holes.  The 


Fig.  21 

Duff  Gas  Producer.  (Elevation  and  Section  through  Neck) 


31 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


large  size  has  a  shell  12'-3"  diameter,  \  V-6''  in  height,  measuring 
7'-0''  X  9'-0"  inside  of  lining',  and  having  a  steel  water  pan  9'-0" 
wide ;  it  has  a  brick  arched  top  provided  with  two  bell  hoppers 
and  nine  poke-holes ;  it  is  also  provided  with  two  blow-pipes, 
the  shells  of  both  sizes  are  gawge  stiffened  with  angles  top 
and  bottom  ;  the  necks  or  outlets  are  of  ample  dimensions,  con¬ 
structed  so  they  can  easily  be  cleaned  and  are  securely  bracketed 
to  the  shells ;  all  of  the  castings  are  of  substantial  weight  and  of 
the  best  patterns,  the  arrangement  and  construction  throughout 
being  such  as  to  secure  the  maximum  of  efficiency  with  the  least 
expenditure  of  skill  and  labor. 

Herrick  Patented  Producers 

The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  Herrick  Producer  (Fig.  23) 
is  the  design  and  arrangement  of  the  tuyeres  for  the  introduction 
of  air  and  steam  into  the  body  of  the  fuel. 


Fig.  ‘22-a 

Brick  Slotted  Top  Plate — Herrick  Patented  Gas  Producer 


Fig.  22-b 

(Quadrants,  Brick  Slotted  Top  Plate — Herrick  Patented  Gas  Producer 


82 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


The  tuyeres  are  cast  iron  boxes  projecting  radially  through 
the  steel  shell  and  brick  lining  of  the  lower  part  of  the  gener¬ 
ator  into  the  ashes. 

The  boxes  are  open  at  the  bottom  over  the  greater  portion  of 
the  end  extending  into  the  producer,  and  are  provided  with  a 
number  of  slots  distributed  along  the  sides  and  ends. 

The  arrangement  of  the  tuyeres  at  equal  distances  around  the 
periphery  of  the  producer  shell  and  each  serving  an  equal  area 
of  the  fuel  bed  gives  an  even  distribution  of  the  air  and  steam 
mixture,  and  all  being  at  the  same  level,  the  height  of  the  fuel 
bed  above  the  tuyeres  is  uniform,  resulting  in  equal  resistance 
and  pressure  over  the  entire  area  of  the  bed.  The  water  dish 
being  open  all  around  the  producer,  facilitates  the  uniform  clean¬ 
ing  and  removal  of  ashes  necessary  to  maintain  a  regular  and 
even  depth  of  fuel. 


Fig.  23 

Herrick  Patented  Gas  Producer 


33 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


The  operation  of  this  producer  is  accomplished  with  a  very 
low  steam  pressure  and,  as  a  consequence,  very  little  trouble 
from  soot  being  deposited  in  the  flues  and  conduits. 

We  build  these  of  various  sizes  and  capacities,  the  standard 
sizes  being  8'-6",  lO'-O"  and  12'-0"  diameters  of  shells,  and 
13'-6"  in  height.  Other  styles  of  producers  may  be  easily 
changed  to  this  type,  resulting  in  an  increase  in  efficiency  of 
twenty  to  thirty  per  cent. 

The  tops  are  so  constructed  as  to  be  protected  from  the 
heat,  being  made  of  heavy  cast  iron  plates  (Figs.  22),  slotted 
for  the  insertion  of  fire  brick  which  project  both  above  and 
below  the  plate,  insuring  protection  to  the  plate  on  the  inside 
and  to  the  feet  of  the  stoker  when  standing  on  the  top.  The 
poke-holes  are  so  arranged  as  to  give  a  wide  range  to  the 
poker,  enabling  the  gas  maker  to  reach  every  part  of  the  fuel 
bed  with  facility,  and  the  interior  being  circular  in  form,  the 
distribution  of  the  fuel  is  uniform  and  the  cleaning  may  be 
done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  constantly  maintain  a  level  fuel 
bed. 

As  the  capacity  and  efficiency  of  a  gas  producer  are  in 
proportion  to  the  area  covered  by  the  steam  and  air  blast,  and 
dependent  upon  an  equal  and  uniform  resistance  to  the  pres¬ 
sure  exerted,  it  is  evident  that  the  arrangement  and  construc¬ 
tion  of  the  Herrick  producer  insures  a  largely  increased 
capacity,  and  greater  efficiency  per  square  foot  of  area,  than 
has  heretofore  been  attained. 

The  absolutely  uniform  height  of  the  fire  bed  above  the 
tuyere  boxes,  which  is  easily  and  constantly  maintained,  per¬ 
mits  their  operation  at  a  maximum  working  condition,  with 
a  steam  pressure  of  not  over  fifteen  to  twenty  pounds,  which 
enables  the  operator  to  avoid  holes  in  the  bed.  uneven  depth 
of  fuel,  and,  above  all,  prevents  the  partial  combustion  of  gas 
in  the  producers  and  flues,  thereby  avoiding  the  troublesome 
deposit  of  soot  in  the  pipes  and  conduits.  The  best  way  to 
overcome  the  soot  nuisance  is  not  to  make  any,  and  this  is  one 
of  the  most  satisfactory  results  obtained  from  the  use  of  the 
Herrick  producers. 

Producer  Gas  Power  Plants 

The  successful  use  of  bituminous  producer  gas  for  the  opera¬ 
tion  of  gas  engines  has  been  made  jiossible  by  the  introduction  of 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


a  simple  gas  scrubbing  apparatus,  which  may  be  connected  with 
any  of  the  ordinary  gas  producers  now  in  use,  for  the  purpose  of 
removing  all  of  the  solid  matter,  such  as  soot,  tar,  ash,  etc.,  car¬ 
ried  in  suspension  by  the  gas  from  the  producers.  When  cleansed 
in  this  manner  the  gas  may  be  piped  for  a  considerable  distance 
through  ordinary  iron  pipes  and  distributed  to  various  points  of 
consumption.  Gas  applied  in  this  manner  has  resulted  in  the 
operation  of  power  plants  at  as  low  a  cost  as  one  cent  per  horse 
power  hour. 

This  gas  is  also  convenient  and  economical  for  use  where  a 
large  number  of  small  fires  are  required  for  special  purposes,  such 
as  small  forges,  annealing  furnaces,  finishing  furnaces,  gloryholes 
and  mould  heating  devices,  or  any  of  the  numerous  processes 
where  the  additional  cost  of  the  fuel  will  be  compensated  for  by  a 
saving  in  labor  or  other  advantages  as  compared  with  the  cost  of 
using  solid  fuel  in  any  form. 

Fuel  oil  atomized  by  use  of  compressed  air  and  applied  with  an 
air  blast  by  fan  pressure  to  insure  perfect  combustion,  is  used 
extensively  for  the  same  purposes ;  the  adaptability  of  both 
depending  upon  cost  of  fuel  as  compared  with  oil,  and  many  other 
features  incident  to  the  installation  and  the  purposes  for  which  it 
is  to  be  used. 


Fig.  24 

Producer  Piping  under  Construction  at  the  Plant  of 
The  Corning  Glass  Works  of  Corning,  N.  Y. 


35 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Gas  Pipes,  Flues  and  Conduits 

The  proper  construction  of  the  pipes,  flues  and  conduits  con¬ 
necting  the  gas  producers  with  the  various  furnaces,  lehrs,  etc., 
to  be  supplied  with  fuel,  is  as  important  as  the  construction  of  the 
furnaces  or  producers. 

The  tendency  is  to  cheapen  their  construction  by  limiting  their 
dimensions  and  the  omission  of  the  necessary  ample  provisions 
for  burning  out,  cleaning,  etc.  We  have  learned  by  experience 
that  this  is  often  fatal  to  the  successful  operation  of  the  plant, 
and,  at  best,  adds  largely  to  the  expense  by  wasteful  consumption 
of  coal,  as  the  result  of  forcing  the  producers,  as  well  as  by 
increased  cost  of  labor. 

Steel  shells  of  producers,  gas  pipes  and  stacks  should  be  well 
painted  with  good  mineral  paint  once  a  year,  at  least. 

Steel  and  Brick  Stacks 

We  construct  stacks  of  any  dimensions,  either  of  brick  or 
steel,  as  desired.  The  steel  stacks  are  self-sustaining,  securely 
bolted  to  concrete  or  brick  bases,  of  heavy  gauge,  with  flared 
bottoms  and  ornamental  tops,  if  preferred ;  they  are  provided  with 
ladders  and  are  lined  with  fire  brick  flush  with  the  top. 

The  brick  stacks  are  of  solid  walls  of  sufficient  thickness, 
bound  with  angles  and  rods ;  or,  we  build  them  with  core  and  air 
chamber,  as  required.  They  are  symmetrical  in  shape,  with  suit¬ 
able  top  trimming  and  have  secure  concrete  foundations.  When 
producer  gas  is  used,  the  steel  stack  has  the  advantage  of  the  brick 
stack,  as  the  walls  of  the  latter  invariably  crack,  which  is  due  to 
the  sudden  heat  caused  by  the  burning  out  of  the  flues. 


86 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Electric  Drive  for  Glass  Machinery 

X  illustrating  and  describing  modern  glasshouse 
equipment  we  wish  to  emphasize  the  advantage  to  be 
derived  from  the  use  of  electric  motors  for  operating 
lehr  machinery,  rolling  tables,  grinding  wheels,  ware 
conveyors,  batch  elevators  and  mixers,  stowing  ma¬ 
chinery,  special  machinery,  etc. 

By  applying  the  motors  to  individual  drive,  or  by  locating  the 
machinery  in  small  groups,  with  a  motor  serving  each  group,  an 
efficient,  economic  and  highly  flexible  system  of  power  trans¬ 
mission  is  obtained.  Belt  and  shaft  friction,  with  their  accom¬ 
panying  dirt  and  danger  from  overhead  bearings,  are  removed. 


Unsightlv  overhead 


shafting 


is  eliminated,  allowing  for  the 


installation  and  unobstructed  passage  of  traveling  cranes. 

Where  a  motor  is  direct  connected  to  the  machine,  power  is 
being  consumed  only  when  the  machine  is  in  operation,  whereas. 


Fig.  25 

Type  “L”  Direct  Current  Motor 


37 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


in  the  case  of  belt  transmission  from  shafting,  there  is  a  constant 
consumption  of  power  clue  to  bearing  and  belt  friction. 

We  are  equipped  to  furnish  both  direct  and  alternating  current 
electrical  machinery  especially  adapted  to  meet  the  practical 
working  conditions  encountered  in  the  glass  industry. 

h'or  direct  current  work  the  Type  “L”  motor,  illustrated  as 
Fig.  25,  is  the  most  serviceable,  both  for  small  and  large  capacities. 
Besides  presenting  a  neat  external  appearance  the  motor  is  com¬ 
pact  in  its  construction  and  designed  for  hard  continuous  service. 

In  Figs.  26  and  27  we  illustrate  two  forms  (Type  “M,”  Form 
“R”  and  Form  “C”)  of  alternating  current  motors  best  suited  for 
driving  glass  machinery.  The  principal  difference  between  Form 
“R”  and  Form  “C”  motors  is  in  the  design  of  the  rotating  element 
(or  rotor)  requiring  different  methods  of  starting  the  motors. 
Form  “R”  (Fig.  26)  motors  are  started  by  means  of  a  lever 
attached  to  the  frame,  the  movement  of  which  varies  the  resistance 
in  the  rotating  element.  When  starting,  all  of  the  resistance  is 
thrown  into  the  circuit  of  the  rotor  and  gradually  cut  out  as  the 
motor  attains  its  normal  running 
speed.  In  the  case  of  the  Form 
“C”  motor  the  starting  device  or 
compensator  (Fig.  28)  consists 
of  a  separate  iron  casing  contain¬ 
ing  the  starting  resistance. 

This  device  may  be  located 
in  any  position  most  con¬ 
venient  for  starting  the 
motor.  The  compensation 
method  of  starting  will  be 
found  very  advantageous  in 
cases  where  it  is  necessary 
to  operate  the  motor  upon 
the  wall,  ceiling  or  other  in¬ 
accessible  place. 


Fig.  26 

Type  “M”  Form  “R”  Alternating 
Current  Motor 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  27 


Type  “M”  Form  “C”  Alternating 
Current  Motor 


Fig.  28 

Starting  Device  or  Compensator  and  F use 
Blocks  for  Type  “M"  Form  “C”  Motors 


39 


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cT 


—  i  •  '‘iW^'  Ttf* 


if.?:  i-: ' :sJS  >- 

.  ■  is'^ Jfi  ' \  „  apiitv  i’ -'^ 

♦  .  •  :-  /■  '■.,’  4, It 

^,,  Vf; 

jE^  *'•'5^.'*.  •  •  »  *  *^  '■.*  ^ 

K  ■ ..  ^  ^••‘  ‘  y  'pk**, .  /  •• 

i<?  **T_f  V*  A  * ’'X'  ^  “i  ^  ■ 


'• '■  ■■  ■•.-  ■<  ^  ■'>  '•-.'  -*^w  •■f'’'^--  ■  •'  '-‘dS- ■■ 

:■ .  ■ .  ■  ■ . .’ *':  ;  :  ■•-v :- .  .•-4<-'  iap.  -- 

a.-:,  -  -  X.  -.':,!.i^  '.''1*  '  ■  *'.  ..ilMHiB  ^ 


'V 


IRONWORK 


41 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Flint  Glass  Furnaces 


Eye  plates, 

Cave  plates, 

Side  plates. 

Bearing  bars. 

Grate  bars, 

Cave  doors  and  frames. 
Tease-hole  doors  and  frames, 
Shadow-pan  doors  and  hinges, 
Nicholson,  Gill  or  Murphy 
Producer  Castings, 


Rail  or  cast  buckstays. 

Hog  chains  and  swivels. 

Flat  bands  and  collar  bolts. 
Cast  hollow  key  blocks,  num¬ 
bered  and  tapped  for  air  pipe 
nozzles. 

Man-hole  frames  and  doors. 
Damper  plates  and  angle 
frames,  or  “Gill”  pattern 
cast  frame  and  damper. 


Flint  Glass  and  Bottle  Lehrs 

Tease-hole  Frames,  tile  lining,  to  slide  on  trolley,  or  frames 
with  hinged  doors. 

Cross  Ties  for  two,  three,  four  or  five  lines  of  track. 

Track  Bars  4'-0”  long,  for  rollers  spaced  on  6”  centers. 

Cast  Rollers  3”  and  4"  diameter,  curved  face. 

Angles  for  sides,  with  splices  and  C.  S.  bolts. 


1 

Iff 

_ 

r/ 

1 

- m 

_ 1 

*  ^ 

lly 

f. 

W'M 

WL _ -  •  ■  _ 

_ j 

Lehr  Ironwork 


42 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Adjustable  Self-Closing  Lehr  Doors 

(Patented) 


Fig,  30.  Closed 


Fig.  31.  Quarter  Open 


Fig.  32.  Full  Open 


43 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  33 

Shunk  Patented  Carrying-in  Device — “Elevator  to  Carrier" 


44 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


45 


Fig.  34.  Shunk  Patented  Carrying-in  Device — “Delivering  End 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


46 


Fig.  36 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


47 


Endless  Carrier  for  Lehrs 


EVERYTHING  EOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Front  Frames.  (Fig.  29).  Special  pattern,  single  or 
double  doors. 

Pan  Treadles  for  detaching  pans. 

Pulling  Rigs.  (Figs.  35  and  36).  Consisting  of  cold  rolled 
shaft  keyseated,  stands,  collars,  sprocket  wheels,  ratchet  and 
lever ;  or  a  set  of  double  gears  and  pinions  for  hand  power. 

Worm-Gear  Attachments  for  operating  pulling  rigs  by 
electric  motor;  easily  controlled,  any  desired  speed. 

Belt  Attachment  for  operating  by  steam  power,  with  tight¬ 
ener;  easily  operated  by  boy  or  girl. 

Pan  Hooks,  with  special  steel  sprocket  chain. 

Pan  Clutch,  self-locking,  with  trolley. 

Trolley  Track,  single  and  double  hangers. 

Coburn  Track  and  ball-bearing  trolleys. 

Stacks  of  sheet  steel  with  cast  iron  bases. 

Rear  Shade  Doors,  with  slide  rods,  pulleys  and  balance 
weights. 

Buckstays,  heel  plates,  tie  rods,  crown  mantles  and 
dampers. 

Lehr  Pans  of  No.  8  or  No.  10  gauge  straightened  steel 
plates,  3'-0"  to  7'-0"  in  length,  2'-6"  in  width;  two  pulling 
straps,  angle  all  around  in  one  piece  or  on  ends  only ;  ends 
3"  to  6”  high  for  bottle  lehrs. 

Endless  Carriers  for  Lehrs  (Fig.  37),  forming  continuous 

« 

floor  of  steel  plates  attached  to  sprocket  chains  and  running 
on  rollers ;  worm-gear  attachment  for  propelling  by  electric 
motor,  intermittent  or  continuous  movement  at  any  desired 
speed. 

Lehr  Doors,  Adjustable  Self-Closing.  (Figs.  30,  31  and  32). 
Operated  by  carrying-in-boy  by  means  of  treadle  attachment. 
A  great  fuel  saver. 


48 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Gloryholes,  Pot-Arches  and  Mould  Ovens 

Gloryhole  Jackets,  cones  and  stacks  of  sheet  steel. 

Cast  Iron  Firm  Plates,  stack  rings  and  stack  bases. 

Flat  Bands,  tool  rests  and  natural  gas  burners. 

Pot-Arch  Buckstays,  heel  plates,  tie  rods  and  stack 
dampers. 

Double  Pot-Arch  Doors  (h'ig.  38)  of  heavy  angle  frames 
braced  with  cross  bars  provided  with  clay  hooks  ;  having  heavy 
hinge  bars  full  width  of  doors  and  suitable  latches. 

Also  cast  iron  doors  with  mitred  flanges  for  brick  lining. 

Front  Buckstays  of  cast  iron  ( Fig.  38)  with  heavy  rib  and 
hinge  lugs  for  hanging  doors.  Also  rail  buckstays  with 
adjustable  hinge  lugs. 

Mould  Oven  Carriages  (Fig.  39)  with  tee  rail  tops,  steel 
axles  and  cast  flanged  wheels,  with  tracks  and  spreaders. 

Heavy  Sheet  Steel  Doors  for  mould  ovens  with  hinge 
straps  and  latches ;  buckstays,  tie  rods,  heel  plates  and  stack 
dampers.  (See  also  Fig.  4.) 

All  of  the  best  patterns  and  designs,  and  of  substantial 
weight  and  workmanship. 

Any  special  design  or  pattern  made  to  order. 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


ir'- 


50 


Mould  Oven  Carriage 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Tanks  and  Furnaces 

Ironwork  for  daily  or  continuous  melting  tank  furnaces  for 
all  purposes,  of  standard  patterns  or  of  any  special  sizes  or 
patterns  to  order. 

Rail,  double  channel  or  eye  beam  buckstays. 

Breastwall  Plates  and  brackets,  cast  or  wrought. 

Angles  and  adjustable  screw  brace  bolts. 

Heel  Plates,  bands,  hog-chains,  beams  and  tie  rods. 

Batch  Filling  Shovels,  either  mounted  on  rollers  on  station¬ 
ary  stands,  with  levers  and  balance  weights  for  filling  hole 
doors ;  or  filling  shovels  hung  on  swinging  cranes,  with  crane 
post,  guy  rods,  footstep  and  balance  weight ;  also  filling  hole 
door  frames  hung  on  chain  with  suitable  pulleys  and  balance 
weights. 

Screw  Stands,  pulleys,  brackets  and  all  attachments  for 
operating  dampers. 

Levers  and  appliances  for  reversing  valves. 

Burner  Nipples  of  cast  iron  for  natural  gas ;  stack  and  air 
regulating  dampers. 

Decorating  Ovens  and  Staining  Kilns 

The  Ironwork  for  Decorating  Lehrs  is  similar  to  that  used 
in  the  construction  of  the  ordinary  lehrs  for  annealing  flint 
glassware. 

Heavy  Cast  Iron  Frames  and  Doors  for  tile  lined  decorat¬ 
ing  ovens ;  frames  boxed  for  building  in  wall  with  lugs  extend¬ 
ing  back  of  buckstays  and  provided  with  hinge  lugs  for  doors ; 
doors  each  in  four  parts,  two  upper  and  two  lower,  each  with 
heavy  hinges  and  latch  and  having  mitred  flange  inside  to 
hold  brick  lining;  all  doors  provided  with  peep-holes  and 
toggles. 

Tease-Hole  Frames  and  Doors  for  coke  firing,  either  cast 
iron  frame  with  hinges,  brick-lined  door,  or  wrought  frame, 
tile  lined,  hung  on  trolley. 

Sheet  Steel  Shells,  from  No.  8  gauge  up  to  3^"  boiler 
plate,  either  circular  or  elliptical  in  form,  or  with  straight 
bottom  and  sides  with  curved  top ;  provided  with  cast  iron 
front  frames  with  cast  or  sheet  steel  doors  in  two  or  four  parts, 
to  swing  on  hinges  and  having  peep-holes  and  toggles ;  angles 
134"  X  134"  riveted  on  inside  of  shells  to  hold  ware  pans,  if 
desired. 

Perforated  Sheet  Steel  Ware  Pans,  cast  iron  stools  for 
pans.  All  buckstays,  tie  rods,  heel  plates,  angles,  grate  bars 
and  stacks. 


51 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Window  Glass  Flattening  Ovens  and  Lehrs 

Flattening  Wheels  or  Turntables  in  three  sizes,  14'-9", 
16'-0"  and  18'-0  '  diameters,  consisting  of  heavy  cast  iron  seg¬ 
ments  securely  bolted  to  hub,  upright  shaft,  and  covered  with 
perforated  cast  iron  plates ;  upright  shaft  provided  with  foot¬ 
step,  bevel  gear  with  guy  rods ;  turning  gear,  consisting  of 
counter  shaft  with  bevel  pinion,  stand,  wall  plate  and  pilot 
wheel.  Cast  iron  or  rail  mantles  with  mantle  rods  attached  to 
beams  on  top  of  oven,  flattening  and  piling  bucks,  glass  chutes 
with  door,  shove-horse  and  track  with  stand  for  handle,  rail 
bnckstays,  heel  plates  and  tie  rods ;  also  crown  mantles  and 
cast  iron  frames  and  doors  for  lehrs.  Lehr  machinery,  con¬ 
sisting  of  two  sets  of  reciprocating  rods,  one  set  mounted  on 
anti-friction  sheaves  on  stands  attached  to  double  channels 
resting  on  lehr  walls;  one  set  mounted  on  stands  attached  to 
cross  bars  hung  on  stirrups,  at  each  end,  connected  with  lifting 
levers  operated  by  connecting  rods  on  top  of  lehr;  all  lifting 
boxes  are  provided  with  three  armed  levers  and  balance 
weights  of  cast  iron  ;  lehr  rods  are  of  cruciform  shape,  one  set 
moving  only  vertically,  the  other  set  moving  only  longitud¬ 
inally,  so  that  they  are  always  level  and  with  sufficient 
clearance  to  operate  without  danger  of  scratching  or  of  slewing 
the  sheets  out  of  position.  Any  of  the  parts  for  oven  or  lehr 
furnished  on  application.  Other  sizes  than  those  above  men¬ 
tioned  made  to  order. 

Window  Glass  Blowing  Furnaces 

Ironwork  for  Blowing  Furnaces,  double  or  single  side, 
either  straight  or  curved,  consisting  of  rail  bnckstays  drilled  for 
trefers,  channel  heel  plates,  tie  rods,  braces  and  pipe  rests  for 
pipe  heating  furnaces  and  iron  supports  for  foot  benches. 

Floater  Kilns,  Block  and  Brick  Kilns 

Ironwork  for  Floater  Kilns,  Block  and  Brick  Kilns  is  fabri¬ 
cated  for  kilns  of  various  sizes  and  forms ;  some  with  stacks  on 
top  of  kilns,  others  with  separate  stack  for  one  or  more  kilns. 
Rail  bnckstays,  channel  heel  plates  and  tie  rods ;  double  doors 
of  heavy  angle  frames  and  cross  bars  with  clay  hooks,  hinges 
and  latch ;  doors  hung  on  heavy  cast  or  rail  bnckstays ;  damper 
frame,  damper,  lever  and  chain  for  top  of  stack,  or  damper 
hung  on  chain  with  pulley  and  balance  weight  for  separate 
stack. 


62 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Cruciform  Bars  for  Window  and  Plate  Glass  Lehrs 


Fig.  41 


53 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Plate  Glass  Furnaces 


Double  Channel  Buckstays  with  spreaders  and  lugs  for 
tuile  bars. 

Also  tie  rods,  hog-chains,  swivels,  turnbuckles  and  washers. 


Tuile  bands  and  bars. 

Tuile  Hoists,  consisting  of  bevel  gear  attachments 
on  brackets  with  cranks  and  ratchets  for  oper¬ 
ation  by  hand,  or  with  devices  for  operating  by 
motors ;  shafts  and  pillow  blocks  with  chain 
sheaves,  tuile  chains  and  balance  weights,  all  sup¬ 
ported  on  beams  over  crown  of  furnace  attached  to 
buckstays ;  or  with  pipe  shafts  for  winding  chains, 
all  of  best  patterns  and  latest  design. 

Floor  Plates  in  all  sizes  made  of  cast  iron. 


Plate  Glass  Kilns  and  Lehrs 


Fig  43 
Screw  Stand 


Kiln  Doors  of  heavy  sheet  steel,  well  bound  and 
stiffened  with  angles,  provided  with  Z  bar  slides, 
wire  ropes,  sheaves  and  balance  weights. 


Dampers  and  Frames  of  cast  iron  for  kilns. 


Man-Hole  door  frames  and  doors. 


Burners  of  special  design  for  producer  gas. 


Sills  of  cast  iron  for  push-holes. 

Mantles  with  hoisting  doors  with  levers 
and  balance  weights,  for  push- 
holes  of  lehr  ovens. 

Boxed  Frames  with  hoisting 
doors  with  levers  and  balance 
weights  for  stowing  holes. 

Lehr  Machinery  of  special 
design  with  rods  of  special  heavy 
section. 

Cylinders  and  Motors  with 
all  attachments  for  operating 
lehr  machinery  by  hydraulic  or 
electric  power. 


Screw  Stand  and  Cover 
for  Mushroom  V'alve 


54 


-  H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Stowing  Tools  with  all  devices  and  machinery  for  operating 
by  electric  motors. 

Rolling  and  Stowing  machinery,  electric  driven. 

Doors  of  Cast  Iron  with  mitred  flanges  for  brick  lining, 
heavy  hinge  lugs  and  latches,  for  pot  ovens. 

Pot  Oven  Doors  of  heavy  angle  frames  and  cross  bars  with 
clay  hooks  for  clay  lining;  having  heavy  hinges  and  latches. 

Buckstays  of  rails,  beams  or  channels ;  cast  or  channel  heel 
plates  and  tie  rods  with  washers  and  turnbuckles,  for  kilns, 
lehrs  and  pot  ovens. 

Ironwork  for  Plaster  Kilns,  rouge  ovens,  and  for  bending 
kilns  and  lehrs. 

Ironwork  for  tank  block  and  floater  kilns. 

Gas  Producers,  Pipes,  Flues  and  Stacks 

Steel  Water  Pans,  boiler  plate. 

Steel  Shells  for  producers,  yV'  and  34”  gauge,  with  angles 
around  top  and  bottom. 

Necks  or  outlets.  No.  8  and  10  gauge,  with  steel  angles  or 
flanged  corners. 

Main  Gas  Pipes,  No.  8  gauge,  stiffened  with  angle  rings. 

Branch  Pipes,  mushroom  boxes,  down-take  pipes.  No.  8 
gauge  or  No.  10  gauge,  according  to  size.  All  seams  of  good 
pitch  and  securely  riveted. 

Stacks,  flared  at  bottom,  self-sustaining;  gauge  of  steel  to 
suit  diameter  and  height;  ornamental  tops  if  desired.;  provided 
with  ladders,  base  plates,  anchor  bolts  and  washers. 

Wall  Bearing  Plates  of  cast  iron,  blow  pipes  on  hinged 
frames  and  grate  castings. 

Stands  and  Screws  (Figs.  43,  44  and  45)  with  hand  wheels 
for  operating  dampers. 

Bell  Hoppers  with  lids,  levers  and  balance  weights. 

Sand  Dampers  and  frames. 

Poke-Hole  castings  and  covers  (Fig.  46). 

Mushroom  or  saucer  valves  and  seats  (Figs.  47  and  48), 

Cleaning  Doors  (Figs.  50  and  51)  and  puff  doors  and 
frames  with  straight  or  curved  backs  for  vertical  or  horizontal 
pipes. 

Valve  Stems,  stands,  pulleys,  wire  ropes  with  clips  and 
thimbles  and  winches  (Fig.  52)  for  elevated  dampers. 

Man-Hole  Covers  and  seats  for  brick  flues. 

Puff  Doors  with  boxed  frames  for  brick  flues. 


66 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Saucer  Valves  for  brick  flues,  with  seats,  covers,  stems, 
stands,  screws  and  hand  wheels. 

Patented  Air  Mixer  Burners  (Figs.  53,  54  and  55)  for  lehrs, 
with  air  pipes. 

Producers,  gas  pipes,  stacks  and  appliances,  also  steam 
blowers  (Fig.  49)  of  any  special  design  and  for  all  purposes, 
furnished  on  cars,  knocked  down ;  or  will  take  measurements, 
make  plans  and  contract  for  erection  complete. 

All  parts  for  renewals  or  repairs  furnished  promptly  on 
application. 

Mineral  Paint  of  excellent  quality,  in  barrels. 

Steel  Pokers  with  long  handles,  cleaning  shovels  with  per¬ 
forated  blades,  coal  shovels,  steam  blast  nipples,  regulating 
valves  for  steam  pipes. 

Endless  Chain  Conveyors  for  removing  ashes,  for  oper¬ 
ation  by  motors,  steam  or  gas  engines. 


Fi^.  46 

Screw  Stand  for  Stack  Damper  and  Mushroom  Valve 


66 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  46 

Poke-Hole  Casting  and  Cover 


Fig.  48 

Mushroom  Saucer  Valve 


Fig.  50 . 

No.  9  Cleaning  Dooi 


Fig.  47 

Mushroom  Valve  and  Seat 


Fig. 49 

Steam  Blower  for 
Producers 


Fig.  61 

No.  10  Cleaning  Dour 


57 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  62.  Winch 


Fig.  58 

Detail  of  Patented  Air  Mixer  Burner 


68 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


69 


Fig.  55.  Rear  View  of  Burners 

Patented  Air  Mixer  Burner  for  use  with  producer  gas  in  firing  lehrs 


TOOLS  AND 
IMPLEMENTS 


61 


... 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Flint  Glass  Factories 


Fig.  56.  Blocking  Box 


Pot  Carriages  in  all  sizes, 
with  heavy  steel  prongs,  exten¬ 
sion  handles,  wheels  24"  diam¬ 
eter,  4"  face. 

Steel  Pot-Setting  Bars  (Fig. 

62)  in  various  sizes,  chisel  and 
pick  points : 

18'-0"  long,2>^"x2>4",  with 
rounded  handle  tapered  to 

IM". 

16'-0"  long,  Zyi"  X  2^",  with 
rounded  handle  tapered  to 

IK". 

12'-0"  long,  2"x2",  with 
rounded  handle  tapered  to 

IK". 


lO'-O"  long,  lK"x  IK")  with  rounded  handle  tapered  to  1". 
8'-0"  long,  1^"  X  IK")  with  rounded  handle  tapered  to  1". 

Lazy-Bones  for  Pot-Setting  (Fig.  57),  made  of  heavy  steel 
frame,  well  braced  and  provided  with  three  rollers  for  clean¬ 
ing  bars. 


Lazy-Bones  for  Building  Breastwalls  with  three  roller 
bearings. 

Block  Carriages,  two  wheels,  for  setting  breastwall  blocks. 
Brick  Forks  (Fig.  58),  two  prongs,  for  setting  jack  brick. 
Clay  or  Brick  Paddles  with  sheet  steel  blades. 


Fig.  57  Lazy-Bones 


62 


Pot-Setting  Tools 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


68 


Fig.  60.  lieucli  Rake 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


64 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


66 


Fig.  63 

Carriage  for  Setting  Monkey-Pots 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Sponge  Poles,  tapered  flat  blades. 

Bench  Repair  Paddles,  18'-0''  long,  steel  blades  6"xl2"x^". 
Gatherers’  Blocking  Boxes,  with  or  without  legs. 

Bench  Rakes  (Fig.  60),  20'-0"  long,  steel  blades,  6"  x  12"  x 
loop  handles. 

Brick  Rakes,  8'-0"  long,  steel  blades,  4"  x  10"  x  yi'' ,  loop 

handles. 

Breastwall  Hooks  (Fig.  59),  lO'-O" 
and  14'-0"  long,  6"  tapered  hooks,  loop 
handles. 

Nigger  Heads  V/i"  x  3^2"  x  5",  with  v' 
handles  lO'-O"  long. 

Shade  Pans  for  pot-setting,  with 
chains,  pulleys  and  balance  weights. 

Fig.  65.  Knob  Kettle 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig,  66.  Pot  Scraping  Ladle 


Bench  Bar  (long). 

Knob  Kettles  (Fig.  65), 
square  or  round. 

Gathering  Pigs,  cast  or 
wrought  iron. 

Scraping  Ladles  (Figs.  66  and 
69),  forged  steel  with  handles. 


Ladles,  forged  steel,  6”  x  10"  x 
3"  deep,  wdth  handles. 

Ladles,  forged  steel,  round 
(Fig.  67)  6"  to  10"  diameter,  or 
oval  (Fig.  68),  with  handles. 


Fig.  68.  Oval  Ladle 


Fig.  69.  Rectangular  Ladle 


Large  Ladling  Kettles  (Figs. 
72,  73  and  74),  on  frames  with 
three  wheels  each,  front  wheel  on 
swivel,  frames  for  either  station¬ 
ary  or  tilting  kettles  in  tw'O  sizes, 
42"  diameter,  22"  deep  and  38" 
diameter,  20"  deep. 


Small  Ladling  Kettles  (Fig.  70)  with  three  wheels,  two  on 
cast  lugs,  other  wheel  on  swivel. 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Ladling  Kettles 


Fig.  72.  Tilting  Ladling  Kettle 
(Normal  Position) 


Fig.  73.  Tilting  Ladling  Kettle 
(Tilting  Position) 


Fig.  74 
Non-Tilting  or  Stationary 
Ladling  Kettle 


68 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  76.  Bit  Kettle 

Bit  Kettles  (Figs,  71  and  75),  22"  diameter,  1434"  deep, 
with  marver  plates,  on  three  wheels  each,  one  wheel  on  swivel. 
Marver  Plates,  one  side  and  one  edge  planed. 

Water  Boshes,  cast  iron  or  sheet  steel,  various  sizes. 
Finishing  Tools. 

Snaps,  all  kinds. 

Cleaning-off  Chests 

(Round  Pattern) 


Fig.  77 


Fig.  76 


69 


ever ythjng 


for  the  glasshouse 


Fig.  78 


Cleaning-off 

Chests 


70 


STEEL  BATCH  CARTS 


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Made  with  plain  bearings  or 
with  roller  bearing  wheels  and 
ball  bearing  front  swivel. 

Size  of  body,  23  inches  deep, 
36  inches  wide,  78  inches  long 


1 


Everything  for  the  Glass  House 

_ PITTSBURGH,  PA.  _ 


‘;S5^r  '^4i ''^'V.  .i^''-'S’'V:^ 

C-'*.  -  f  *'#fL£. I  -*  ^  .^»  ^ .  ii K,->n-^!t^  •  -.  ^  j  "v. 


-•5%( 


j  1  « 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  80.  Batch  Cart 


Cleaning-off  Chests  (Figs.  76,  77,  78  and  79),  round  or 
square. 

Batch  Cart  (Fig.  80),  well  braced  and  bound  with  iron, 
with  iron  wheels,  24"  diameter,  4"  face,  beds  5'-6"  long,  2'-10" 
wide,  I'-IO"  deep,  inside  measurements. 

Gatherer’s  Shadow  Pan  (Fig.  64),  for  pot  mouths,  sheet 
iron,  well  bound.. 

Finisher’s  Chairs  (Figs.  82  and  83),  braced  with  rods  and 
bolts. 

Hot  Stoves  (Fig.  85)  and  ware  pans  for  blown  ware,  with 
gas  burners.' 


Fig.  81.  Pot  Truck 


71 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  82 

Finisher’s  Chair.  (Straight  Arm) 


72 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Sand  Box  Ware  Stands,  round  or  square,  on  legs. 

Ware  Stands  with  solid  tops. 

Pot  Trucks  (Fig.  81),  convenient  for  handling  pots  from 
cars  or  pot-room  to  pot-arches;  oak  plank  tops,  heavy  steel 
axles,  low  broad  wheels,  front  wheel  on  swivel,  movable 
handles ;  truck  can  be  turned  in  space  equal  to  size  of  the 
pot. 

Pot  Puller,  lever  and  dog  for  sliding  pots  in  car  or  on  floor. 

Gloryhole  Pigs  (Fig.  84). 


Fig.  84.  Gloryhole  Pig 


73 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  86 

Blower’s  Dummy,  Bulbs,  Punch  Tumblers  and 
Small  Paste  Mould  Ware 


-  . 


74 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  87 

Blower’s  Dummy,  Large  Paste  Mould  Ware 


75 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  88 

Mould  Transfer  Carriages 


I 

Fig.  89 
Blow  Pipe 


Mould  Transfer  Carriages  (Fig. 
88)  ;  two  wheels,  short  handles. 

Wind  Pipes  of  galvanized  iron,  18 
to  26  gauge,  with  3"  nozzles  with  caps, 
or  with  automatic  self-closing  nozzles, 
1",  and  1)^"  diameter,  nozzles 

furnished  separately  if  desired. 

Batch  Mixers  of  improved  type,  for 
operation  by  steam  or  electric  power. 

Small  Portable  Gloryholes  on 
wheels ;  suitable  for  tumblers,  lamp 
chimneys,  etc. 

Glass  Blowers’  Pipes  (Fig  89), 
punties  (Fig.  90),  finishing  tools, 
snaps,  clamps,  shears  and  crimping 
machines. 

Pressure  or  Volume  Blowers  for 
operation  by  steam  or  electric  power, 
directly  connected  or  by  single  or 
double  belts  (American,  Andrews  & 
Johnson  and  Sturtevant). 


Fig.  90 
Puntie 


70 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Flint  Glass  and  Green  Bottle  Factories 


ANY  of  the  tools  and  implements  for  bottle  fac¬ 
tories  are  similar  to  those  already  enumerated  for 
flint  glass  factories,  with  some  modifications  to 
suit  the  practice  in  bottle  factories. 

Portable  Gloryholes  (Fig.  91),  for  use  of  natural  gas  with 
air  blast,  or  for  use  of  oil  with  compressed  air  or  fan  pressure. 
Each  gloryhole  is  suitable  for  two  shops  and  made  with  single 
or  double  chamber,  the  latter  enabling  each  finisher  to  regulate 
his  fire  to  suit  himself  without  interference  with  the  other  shop. 
These  gloryholes  are  substantial  in  their  construction  and  the 
tile  can  easily  be  removed  and  replaced.  Pipe  rests  are  pro¬ 
vided  on  each  side  bracketed  to  the  bed  plate. 

Peanut  Roasters  (Figs.  93,  94  and  95),  on  legs;  for  natural 
gas  or  oil. 

Ware  Pans,  and  carrying-in  tools  for  peanut  roasters. 

Carrying-in  Tools,  paddles  or  forks  of  all  kinds. 

Ware  Pans,  solid  or  latticed,  for  use  in  lehrs. 

Stands  for  bottle  snaps  and  tilting  bottle  racks, 
very  convenient  for  large  bottles. 

Cleaning-off  Chests,  circular  or  square,  for 
attaching  to  foot  bench,  occupy  little  room  and  are 
very  convenient. 

Cullet  Boxes,  square  or  circular,  with  handles. 

Finisher’s  Chairs,  peanut  roasters,  ware  pans  and 
carrying-in  tools. 

Carrying-in  Paddles, 
asbestos  lined  and  forks 
j  wound  with  asbestos. 

-  0  Blow  Pipes,  snaps 

and  finishing  tools. 

Blue  Marver  Stones. 

Cast  Iron  Marver 
Plates,  planed  and 
smoothed. 


Fig.  91 

Portable  Gloryhole 


Fig.  92 

Gloryhole  Burner  for  Oil 
(Gravity  System) 


77 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Peanut  Roaster 

Double  Deck  for  Gas  Fuel 


11 


.1 

i 


7S 


I 


1 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Peanut  Roaster 

Double  Deck  for  Oil  Fuel 
(Patent  Applied  For) 


79 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  96 

Peanut  Roaster.  (Single  Deck)  For  Gas  Fuel 


80 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Window  Glass  Factories 


Cranes  (Fig  96),  both  long  and 
short,  for  use  on  blowing  furnaces 
or  blow-over  tanks  ;  crane  posts  of 
extra  heavy  pipe,  extension  arms 
for  cranes,  with  pipe  crotches  or 
wheels. 

Trefers  with  slotted  holes  to 
attach  to  buckstays  and  provided 
with  extension  arms.  Also  trefers 
of  special  pattern  for  gatherers  on 
tank  furnaces. 

Firm  Plates  of  cast  iron  with 
crotches  for  gatherers. 

Shades  with  cross  bars, 
brackets,  levers  and  balance 
weights  for  blowers’  and 
gatherers’  ring  holes. 

Cooling  Boshes  (Fig.  97) 
for  gatherers  for  continuous 
flowing  water  with  waste 
pipe  for  overflow  and  bracket 
for  glass  block. 

Ladles  of  pressed  steel,  20"  diameter, 
with  handles  and  chain  hung  from 
Coburn  ball  bearing  trolley  and  track,  cooling  Bosh 
with  hangers ;  rigged  either  for  single 
ladle  or  for  two  ladles  with  double  tracks  and  trolleys. 


Fig.  96.  Long  Crane 


81 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Filling  Shovels  (Fig.  100)  on  cranes,  complete  with  crane 
post,  guy  rods  and  balance  weight. 

Ladling  Kettles  on  frames  with  three  wheels  (Figs.  72,  73 
and  74),  one  wheel  on  swivel;  two  sizes,  42"  diameter,  22" 
deep,  and  28"  diameter,  20"  deep,  either  tilting  or  stationary. 

Capping  Boxes  (Figs.  98  and  99)  of  heavy  sheet  steel, 
single  boxes,  14"  bottom  width,  16"  top  width,  36"  long  and 
15"  deep ;  double  boxes  6'-0"  long  all  provided  with  handles  and 
bound  around  the  top  with  flat  bar  securely  riveted  to  box. 

Novel  Boxes  (Fig.  101),  18"  x  30",  20"  deep  (Fig.  102),  24" 
diameter  and  20"  deep. 

Flatteners’  Gullet  Boxes,  16"  top  width,  14"  bottom  width, 
36"  long,  15"  deep,  bound  around  top  with  flat  bar  and  pro¬ 
vided  with  handles. 

Roller  Horses,  all  of  wood,  or  of  steel  frames  with  wooden 
roller  rests. 

Floater  Carriages  (Fig.  104)  of  substantial  steel  construc¬ 
tion  with  heavy  forged  steel  prongs,  heavy  axle  and  iron 
wheels  with  broad  face-. 

Prongs  suitable  for  attachments  to  old  pot  wagons,  fur¬ 
nished  on  application. 

Tools  for  setting  floaters  and  rings  as  follows: 

Large  Bull  Hooks  (Fig.  109),  18'-0"  long,  1)4"  round,  two 
prongs. 


Fig.  98 


Fig.  99 

Capping  Boxes 


82 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  100 

Batch  Filling  Shovel 


83 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Novel  Box  (Square)  Novel  Box  (Round) 

Bull  Hooks,  18'-0"  long,  1^"  round,  single  prongs. 

Single  Hooks,  \6'-0"  long,  1^"  round,  with  loop  handles. 
Also  12'-0''  long,  lyi"  round,  loop  handles. 

Steel  Bars  18'-0"  long,  2^4"  x  2^",  with  rounded  handles 
tapered  to  lyi”. 

16^-0"  long,  with  rounded  handles  tapered  to 

12^-0''''  long,  2^'  x2",  with  rounded  handles  tapered  to  IX". 

12^-0''''  long,  with  rounded  handles  tapered  to  . 


Fig.  108.  Roller  Wagon 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Ring  Hooks  (Fig.  Ill),  lO'-O”  and  12'-0"  long,  F’  round, 
loop  handles. 

Skimming  Irons,  cracking  irons,  ring  irons,  ring  crotches, 
pinchers,  glass  blocks  and  blow-up  blocks. 

Roller  Wagons  (Fig.  103),  with  steel  springs,  wooden 
frame. 

Blowers’  Pipes  with  Norway  iron  heads,  finished  and  pol¬ 
ished  complete  with  handles. 

Pipes  without  heads,  polished  or  unpolished. 

Flatteners’  Tools,  consisting  of : 

Piling  Forks  (Fig.  106),  with  tines  of  spring  steel  drawn 
down ;  either  of  one  piece  or  with  tines  riveted  on ;  handle  of 
heavy  pipe  with  weight  at  end. 

Spiece  (Fig.  105)  drawn  down  tapering,  with  screw  on  end. 

Cropper  (Fig.  110)  with  pipe  handle. 

Stone  Scraper  (Figs.  107  and  108)  with  steel  blade. 

Swab  Rods  with  hooks  and  handles. 

Glass  Dips  with  acid  tank,  single  glass  rack  or  with  reels, 
provided  with  pulleys,  wire  ropes  and  winches. 

Cutters’  Tables,  squares,  pins  and  rules. 

Cutters’  Cullet  Boxes,  of  wood  or  iron,  on  wheels. 

Heating  Stoves,  natural  gas,  for  cutting  rooms. 

Lubricating  Soap,  pipe  handles,  Norway  iron  for  pipe 
heads. 

Cutters’  Pliers  or  pinchers,  7"  to  10". 

Casting  Tables  (Fig.  112)  on  wheels,  built  up  in  sections, 
or  in  one  solid  plate. 

Rolls  for  operation  with  chain,  wire  rope  or  cog-racks. 

Steel  Twangs,  all  gauges.  Turtle  wagons. 

Steel  Table  Blades,  finely  finished  and  polished. 

Pot  Clamps  for  teeming  with  traveling  or  boom  cranes. 

Pot  Wagons  or  clamps  for  traveling  cranes. 

Stowing  Tools  for  motors  or  hand  power. 

Glass  Spreaders  with  copper  blades. 

Filling-in  Shovels,  skimming  irons,  batch  carts. 

Glass  Ladles,  pressed  steel  (Fig.  114),  up  to  28"  diameter, 
wdth  or  without  handles. 

Coburn  Trolleys  and  tracks  (Fig.  141)  for  carrying  ladles. 

Cutters’  Rules  and  Squares,  all  sizes,  with  brass  tips. 

Cutters’  Pinchers  or  pliers,  round  or  flat  tips,  7"  to  11". 

Floater  Carriages  (Fig.  104),  hooks  and  bars  for  setting 
floaters. 


86 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


86 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


8.7 


Fig.  106.  Piling  Fork 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


88 


Fig.  109.  Pot  or  Bull  Hook 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


89 


Fig.  111.  Ring  Hook 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Plate  and  Skylight  Glass  Factories 


Fig.  113 


Cathedral  Glass  Rolling  Table 


Fig.  114 

Pressed  Steel  Ladles 


Ladles  (Fig.  114)  of  pressed  steel  with  handles,  for  hand 
use,  either  circular  or  oval,  of  any  size. 


91 


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MISCELLANEOUS  TOOLS 
IMPLEMENTS  AND 
GENERAL  SUPPLIES 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Barrel  Trucks  (Fig.  115),  plain 
wheels  or  rubber  tires. 

Warehouse  Trucks  (Figs.  116, 
117  and  118),  three  or  four  wheels, 
with  rubber  tires  or  plain. 

Trucks  with  flanged  wheels  for 
track. 

Light  Tee  Rails,  flat  bar,  angles 
or  channels  for  tracks. 

Glass  Blowers’  Scales  (Figs.  119 
and  120). 

Hoisting  Winches  and  ratchets 
(Fig.  52). 


Fig.  115 
Barrel  Truck 


Fig.  IK) 

Four-Wheel  Truck  (Double  End  Rack) 


94 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  117 

Four-Wheel  Truck  (Single  End  Rack) 


Fig.  118 
Express  Truck 


95 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Pressure  and  Volume  Blowers  (Figs.  121  and  123),  for 
steam  or  electric  power;  belt  driven  or  direct  connected  to 
motor;  with  or  without  countershafts  and  bed  plates. 

Ventilating  and  Exhaust  Fans. 

Wind  Pipes,  galvanized  iron. 

Nozzles  (Figs.  124  and  125),  automatic,  self-closing,  or 
with  caps,  for  wind  pipes. 

Blast  Gates  (Fig.  122). 

Water  Tanks  and  Steel  Towers. 

Water  Pumps,  deep  well. 

Oil  Pumps;  air  compressors,  storage  tanks. 

Oil  Burners  (Figs.  128  and  129),  compressed  air,  and  com¬ 
bination  air  blast  and  compressed  air. 

Monkey  Wrenches,  large  lever  and  S  wrenches. 


Fig.  119  Fig.  120 

Bottle  Scale  (Round  Plate)  Bottle  Scale  (Square  Plate) 


96 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  121 
Volume  Blower 


97 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  123.  Pressure  Blower 


Fig.  124  Fig.  125 

Nozzle  (Closed)  Nozzle  (Open) 

Automatic  Self-Closing  Nozzle  for  Wind  Pipes 


98 


_ DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Siemens  Air  and  Gas  Reversing  Valve 


Fig.  126 


Fig.  127 


Size  of  valve  is  regulated  by  inside  diameter  of  top  opening, 
which  should  always  be  given  when  ordering. 


99 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Air  and  Gas  Reversing  Valves 


Siemens  Air  and  Gas  Reversing  Valves  (Figs.  126  and  127) 
in  all  sizes,  18"  to  42"  diameter,  with  saucers. 

Square  Butterfly  Air  Reversing  Valves,  in  large  sizes  only, 
with  lids. 

Vertical  Butterfly  Air  Reversing  Valves,  with  corner  posts, 
top  and  bottom  plates  and  slide  dampers;  in  sizes  24"  to  48". 

Forter  Water  Seal  Gas  Reversing  Valves  (Figs.  130  and 
131),  in  all  sizes,  with  saucers;  the  most  perfect  gas  reversing 
valves,  absolutely  perfect  seal,  no  leakage,  and  of  greater 
capacity  than  butterfly  valves. 

Table  of  Comparative  Capacities  of  the 
Forter  and  Siemens  Air  and  Gas  Reversing  Valves 


12"  Forter  Valve  equals  capacity  of  14"  Siemens  Butterfly  Valve. 


14"  “ 

(( 

ff 

ff 

“  16" 

if 

if 

if 

16"  “ 

if 

ff 

if 

“  18" 

a 

ff 

if 

18"  “ 

if 

ff 

ff 

“  20" 

a 

it 

if 

20" 

ii 

if 

a 

“  24" 

a 

if 

ff 

22" 

ff 

ff 

a  27^^ 

if 

ff 

ff 

24"  “ 

ff 

if 

“  30" 

if 

it 

if 

27" 

if 

ff 

a 

“  34" 

ff 

ff 

if 

30" 

ff 

if 

“  36" 

ff 

ft 

ff 

32" 

ff 

if 

“  38" 

if 

ff 

ff 

36"  “ 

ff 

ff 

if 

“  42" 

ff 

if 

•• 

42"  “ 

ff 

ff 

if 

“  48" 

if 

if 

ff 

48"  “ 

ff 

if 

“  60" 

a 

if 

if 

Any  oarts  of  all  valves  furnished  on  request. 

*  fURNACE 


.•  COMpi 


Fig.  128 

Kirkwood  Oil  Burner 
(Compressed  Air) 


Fig.  129 

Kirkwood  Oil  Burner 
(Combination  Air  Blast 
and  Compressed  Air) 


100 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Porter  Patented  Water  Seal  Gas  Reversing  Valve 


Fig.  130 


>ERATING  LINKS 


TRUNNION 


OPERATING 

LEVER 


HOOD 


IDLER  LINKS 


NOZZLE 


SHEAVES 


HEAVE  BRACKET 


CASING 


K  CASTING 

(iZirt  ir.drcjt«d) 


,  COUNTER 
WEIGHT 


MUSHROOM  VALVE ■ 


DOOR 


BED  PLATE 


PEEK  HOLE  LID 


DOOR  FRAME 


Fig.  131 


Size  of  valve  is  regulated  by  inside  diameter  of  nozzle  or  top  opening 
which  should  always  be  given  when  ordering. 


101 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Batch  Mixing  Appliances 


Secret  Platform  Scales  (Fig. 
132),  with  as  many  beams  as  de¬ 
sired  ;  locked  and  sealed,  cannot 
be  tampered  with. 

Rotary  Batch  Mixers,  operated 
by  gas  or  steam  engine,  or  electric 
motor. 

Batch  Elevators  and  Convey¬ 
ors;  endless  chains  or  belts  with 
steel  buckets,  boot  and  shafts, 
operated  by  gas  or  steam  engine, 
or  electric  motor  (Figs.  133  to 
137). 

Gas  Engines  and  motors  for 
driving  batch  elevators  and 
mixers. 

Steel  Batch  Barrows,  shovels 
and  screens. 

Color  Room  Scales,  scoops  and 
pans. 

Spiral  Conveyors  (Figs.  138 
and  139),  for  handling  batch; 
right  or  left-hand  direction  ;  plain 
or  without  mixing  paddles. 


Fig.  133 

Malleable  Iron  Bucket  with 
renewable  steel  band 


Malleable  Iron  Bucket 
(a  seamless  bucket  of  large 
carrying  ;_capacity) 


Fig. 132 
Secret  Scales 


102 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


( 


I 


I 

! 

I 


Fig.  136 


Fig  136 


Chain  Conveyor 


Belt  Conveyor 


103 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  137.  Steel  Bushed  Chain  for  Conveyors 


Fig.  138.  Spiral  Conveyor 


Fig.  139.  Spiral  Conveyor  with  Mixing  Paddles 


104 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Electric  Safety  Devices 

li  is  well  known  that  failure  to  reverse  the  valves  regularly 
on  regenerative  furnaces  is  liable  to  result  in  serious  damage 
to  the  furnaces  and  causes  material  fluctuations  of  temper¬ 
ature.  To  avoid  this  as  far  as  possible,  and  to  detect  it,  if  it 
does  occur,  we  furnish  and  install  a  Furnaceman’s  Time 
Detector  (Fig.  140),  which  is  connected  with  a  clock  and 
causes  an  alarm  bell  to  ring  at  the  end  of  each  interval,  when 
it  is  time’  to  reverse  the  valves,  and  which  continues  to  ring 
until  the  valves  are  reversed;  it  is  also  connected  with  the 
valve  levers,  which  causes  the  clock  dial  to  be  punctured  each 
time  the  valves  are  reversed.  Any  number  of  furnaces  may 
be  connected  with  the  same  clock  and  dial.  They  are  not 
expensive,  and  furthermore  make  a  valuable  addition  to  your 
equipment. 


Pyrometers 

Adapted  for  accurately  measuring  the  temperatures  of  Glass 
Melting  Furnaces,  Annealing  Ovens,  Lehrs,  Potters’  Kilns, 
Decorating  Kilns,  Staining  and  Burning  Muffles,  and  for  all 
lines  of  manufacture  employing  heat. 

There  has  been  a  steadily  growing  demand  for  a  scientifically 
accurate  and  reliable  instrument  for  measuring  the  temperatures 
of  all  kinds  of  furnaces  and  ovens  used  in  the  mechanical  arts. 
While  the  regulation  of  temperatures  of  furnaces  in  the  different 
industries  has  depended  upon  the  skill  and  judgment  of  the  oper¬ 
ators,  more  or  less  indifferent  results  have  been  obtained,  without 
any  positive  guide  for  their  regulation,  or  of  any  means  of 
determining  the  condition  or  temperatures  producing  the  best 
results. 

Our  Thermo  Electric  Pyrometer  with  platinum-rhodium 
couples  fully  meets  the  requirements  for  measuring  temperatures 
up  to  3000°  Fahrenheit.  It  is  simple  in  its  construction,  is  easily 
installed  and  does  not  easily  get  out  of  order. 

The  principle  involved  in  the  construction  of  our  Thermo 
Electric  Pyrometer  is  the  conversion  of  heat  into  an  electric  cur¬ 
rent,  the  strength  or  electromotive  force  of  which  indicating  the 
degree  of  heat.  The  pyrometer  consists  of  a  sensitive  galva¬ 
nometer  which  indicates  by  the  movement  of  a  pointer,  over  a 


105 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  140 

Furnaceman’s  Time  Detector 


106 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


carefully  calibrated  scale,  the  current  of  electricity  produced  by 
heating  the  junction  of  a  fine  platinum  and  platinum -rhodium,  or 
platinum-iridium  wire,  commonly  termed  the  element. 

The  galvanometer  and  the  thermo  electric  element  constitute 
the  complete  equipment,  no  batteries  being  required. 

The  Thermo  Electric  system  has  many  advantages  over  other 
systems,  principally  for  its  simplicity;  in  addition  to  the  fact  that 
it  requires  no  outside  batteries,  adjustable  resistance,  or  anything 
else  that  may  be  varied  by  the  workman  or  made  dependent  upon 
their  judgment.  The  system  is  one  that  is  thoroughly  accurate 
and  capable  of  a  high  degree  of  precision.  In  its  application  the 
operator  has  simply  to  look  at  the  instrument  and  read  the  tem¬ 
perature  directly  from  the  scale. 

The  pyrometer  is  extremely  durable  under  the  most  severe 
conditions  if  reasonably  protected. 

It  is  obvious  that  this  instrument  is  invaluable  for  indicating 
the  temperature  of  glass  melting  furnaces,  annealing  ovens  and 
lehrs,  decorating  kilns  and  lehrs,  staining  and  burning  muffles  and 
a  vast  number  of  furnaces  and  appliances,  in  all  lines  of  business 
where  heat  is  employed. 

Each  instrument  is  standardized  and  the  scale  graduated  ac¬ 
cordingly.  The  position  of  the  scale  is  such  that  the  operator 
can  conveniently  and  readily  take  accurate  readings.  Correct 
temperatures  can  be  taken  within  one  per  cent. 

A  number  of  couples  or  stations  may  be  connected  with  one 
pyrometer  by  means  of  a  switchboard  and  successive  readings  of 
each  station  quickly  made  and  recorded. 

Automatic  recording  instruments  are  also  provided  when  de¬ 
sired  for  recording  one,  two  or  three  stations. 

We  furnish  and  install  the  entire  equipment  ready  for  use,  or 
will  furnish  all  the  parts  with  full  and  complete  instructions  for 
their  installation. 

They  are  not  expensive ;  they  are  accurate,  durable  and  useful. 

Low  Temperature  Instruments 

Because  of  the  lower  cost  and  the  increased  voltage  of  the 
thermo-electric  current,  baser  metal  couples  are  used  for  temper¬ 
atures  below  1500°  Fahrenheit.  The  galvanometers  are  calibrated 
for  both  high  and  low  temperature  couples,  rendering  it  neces¬ 
sary  in  ordering  such  equipment,  to  state  the  approximate  maxi¬ 
mum  temperatures  of  the  furnaces  in  which  the  couples  are  to  be 
used,  or  state  the  style  of  furnace,  lehr  or  oven,  which  will  enable 
us  to  determine  the  necessary  equipment. 


107 


EVERYTHI NG  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


103 


Llevation  Showing  Section  of  Track,  Single  Switcli,  Switch  Throw  and  Trolley 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Coburn  Trolley  Carrier 

The  trolley  or  carrier  best  adapted  for  all  around  service  in 
the  glass  factory  is  the  Coburn  (Fig.  141),  a  section  detail  of 
which  we  illustrate  on  opposite  page. 

For  handling  rough  plates  of  plate  glass,  lehr  pans,  ladles, 
cullet,  batch  and  other  bulky  material,  this  type  of  carrier  particu¬ 
larly  lends  itself.  It  may  be  used  for  indoor  or  outdoor  service, 
as  circumstances  demand.  This  carrier  is  designed  to  stand 
rough,  hard  usage,  all  parts  of  which,  with  the  exception  of  the 
wheels,  being  hand  forgings,  and  constructed  to  permit  moving 
around  the  smallest  radius  curve  with  ease. 

The  track  is  the  most  substantial  of  any  made  for  the  purpose, 
being  so  constructed  as  to  make  it  impossible  for  the  wheels  of 
the  carrier  to  get  off  the  track. 

The  trolley  is  hung  on  ball  bearings  and  very  easily  and 
readily  moved. 

By  means  of  switches,  curves,  turntables  and  crosses  the  sys¬ 
tem  can  be  made  to  meet  any  carrying  condition  required. 

It  is  furnished  in  various  sizes  to  carry  any  load  desired. 


109 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Blacksmith  and  Box  Shop  Equipment 


Blacksmith  Forges;  sheet 
steel  bases,  cones  and  chim¬ 
neys. 

Anvils,  hand  bellows, 
tuyere  irons,  blacksmiths’ 
sledges,  hammers,  chisels, 
mandrels,  punches,  files, 
vises  and  all  special  tools 
and  handles. 

Forge  Blowers  (Figs.  142 
and  143),  complete  with 
motor  or  countershaft  and 

Forge  Blower.  (Motor  Driven)  pulleys. 

Pressure  Blowers  for 

hand  power. 

iRip  Saws,  swinging  cut-off  saws,  countershafts,  pulleys, 
hangers  and  belting. 

Box-Printing  presses. 

Stencils,  stamps  and  dies. 

Stencil  Cutters  and  paper. 

Coburn  Trolleys  (Fig.  141),  track  and  hangers  for  handling 
heavy  packages. 

Box  Trucks;  warehouse  trucks,  (Figs.  116-118). 


Fig.  143 

P'orge  Blower.  (Belt  Driven) 


110 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Tank  and  Furnace  Blocks,  Boots,  Etc. 

Tank  flux  blocks,  bottom  blocks  and  refractory  blocks. 
Refractory  furnace  blocks  for  pot  furnaces. 

Pillar,  arch  and  cap  blocks ;  eye  blocks. 

Bench  clay,  mortar  clay,  prepared  for  use. 

^  Pot-setting  brick,  jack  brick,  flue  rings. 

Floaters  (Figs.  144  and  145),  gathering  rings,  and  boots  of 
all  sizes  and  patterns. 

Ring  shades,  pot  stoppers  and  rings. 

Flattening  stones,  American  or  Belgian  make. 

Shade  stones  for  flattening  ovens. 

Missouri  Fire  Clays,  in  lump  or  ground  in  barrels. 

Producer  hopper  and  poke-hole  blocks. 

Fire  Brick  of  all  grades,  all  standard  shapes. 

Silica  Brick,  both  12"  and  9"  series  of  shapes. 

Corundite  in  all  9"  brick  shapes.  Special  brick  shapes. 
Blocks  of  special  design  for  tank  and  furnace  construction. 
Prepared  for  use  in  mending  furnaces,  lining  pots  and  for 
special  purposes  where  other  material  has  failed. 


V 


\ 


111 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Floaters  for  Glass  Melting  Tanks 


112 


Fig.  145.  Two-Piece  Floater 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  146.  “E"  Block — Top  of  Ports 


(Dixon  Pattern) 

“X”  Dimension  =  24'' for  24'^  Flues 
“X”  “  =  16"  “  16"  •• 


Fig.  148.  Skew  Block  for  Tunnels  in  Dixon  Double  Division  Wall 

(Dixon  Pattern) 

“X”  Dimension  =  36",  42"  or  48" 


113 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  149.  Doghouse  Mantle  Block 

(Dixon  Pattern) 


Fig.  150.  Doghouse  Corner  or  “L”  Block 

(Dixon  Pattern) 

Made  in  18"  and  24"  sizes 


114 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  152.  “C”  Block — Covering  Division  Wall 

(Dixon  Pattern) 

“X”  Dimension  =  12'^,  18"  or  24'^  Air  Space 


Fig.  153.  Tank-wall  Block  over  Spout 

(Dixon  Pattern) 


Fig.  154.  “B"  Block — Top  and  Bottom  of  Dixon  Square  Spout 

(Dixon  Pattern) 

“X”  Dimension  =  12^',  18"  or  24" 


115 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  155.  No.  1  Tank-wall  Tuckst(jne 

(Dixon  Pattern) 


Fig.  156.  No.  2  Tank-wall  Tuckstone 

(Dixon  Pattern) 


Fig.  157.  No.  3  Tank-wall  Tuckstone 

(Dixon  Pattern) 


116 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


117 


Fig.  158.  “Dixon”  Spout,  Semi-circular  or  Square 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


118 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Gatherers’  Boots 

These  boots  are  made  of  various  shapes 
and  sizes  and  may  be  ordered  as  desired. 
The  size  of  hood  or  depth  may  be  changed  to 
suit  conditions.  The  deeper  the  boot,  the  stiffer 
the  glass  will  be.  The  deep  boots  are  used  for 
gatherers  of  large  ware,  and  are  provided  with 
openings  above  the  glass  for  regulating  the 
temperature  within  the  boot.  Others  are  very 
shallow,  and  are  only  used  to  skim  the  surface 
of  the  glass  and  to  prevent  sting-out.  A  deep 
boot  may  be  sawed  off  to  any  depth  desired. 
They  can  be  placed  in  the  furnace  while  it  is  in 
operation,  by  previously  heating  them  to  nearly 
the  temperature  of  the  furnace. 

We  illustrate  on  the  following  pages  a  num¬ 
ber  of  the  stock  sizes  in  common  use. 


119 


V 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Dixon  Boot 


Fig.  160 


Fig.  161 


120 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Star  Boot 


Fig.  168 


Fig.  164 


Fig.  165 


121 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Circular  Boot 


Fig.  166 


Fig.  167 


Fig.  16S 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Diamond  Boot 


Fig.  169 


27 


Fig.  170 


Fig.  171 


123 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


McLaughlin  Boot 


Fig.  172 


Fig.  17B 


Fig.  174 


124 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Carolina  Boot 


Fig.  175 


Fig.  176 


125 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fox  Boot 


Fig.  178 


Fig.  179 


126 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Humphrey  Boot 


Fig.  181 


Fig.  182 


Fig.  183 


127 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


McKee  Boot 


Fig.  184 


Fig.  186 


128 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Whitney  Boot 


Fig.  187 


Fig.  188 


Fig.  189 


129  • 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Silica  and  Fire  Clay  Brick 

Nine  Inch  Series 


Large  Nine  Inch 


f'ig.  191 


Regular  Nine  Inch 


Small  Nine  Inch 


i- 


No.  1  Split 


8 

Fig.  193 


130 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


No.  2  Split 


Fig.  194 


Soap 


Fig.  195 


No.  1  Wedge 

diameter  inside 
102  brick  to  the  circle 


No.  2  Wedge 

diameter  inside 
63  brick  to  the  circle 


131 


9 

Fig.  197 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  198 


No.  1  Arch 

diameter  inside 
72  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig. 199 


No.  2  Arch 

2^-0"  diameter  inside 
42  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  200 


No.  1  Key 

12'-0^'  diameter  inside 
112  brick  to  the  circle 


No.  2  Key 
diameter  inside 
65  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  201 


132 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


No.  3  Key 

diameter  inside 
41  brick  to  the  circle 


No.  4  Key 

I'-IO"  diameter  inside 
26  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  202 


Fig.  203 


No.  1  (End)  Skew 


Fig.  204 


No.  2  (Side)  Skew 


133 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  206 


No.  3  (Edge)  Skew 


Miscellaneous  Fire  Clay  Shapes 


No.  1  Circle 

33''  diameter  outside 
24"  diameter  inside 
11  brick  to  the  circle 


No.  2  Circle 

45"  diameter  outside 
36"  diameter  inside 
14  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  208 


Fig.  209 


No.  3  Circle 

57"  diameter  outside 
48"  diameter  inside 
20  brick  to  the  circle 


134 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


No.  4  Circle 

69^'  diameter  outside 
60"  diameter  inside 
23  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  210 


No.  1  Cupola 

42'^  diameter  outside 
30"  diameter  inside 
16  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  211 


No.  2  Cupola 

48"  diameter  outside 
36^^  diameter  inside 
17  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  212 


No.  3  Cupola 

60"  diameter  outside 
48"  diameter  inside 
21  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  213 


135 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  214 


No.  4  Cupola 

72''  diameter  outside 
60"  diameter  inside 
25  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  215 


No.  5  Cupola 

84"  diameter  outside 
72"  diameter  inside 
29  brick  to  tlie  circle 


13  '  Series 


Fig.  216 


13/4"  Straight 


13'/2"  No.  2  Key 
12'-0"  diameter  inside 
90  brick  to  the  circle 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


IVA'  No.  4  Key 
6^-0^'  diameter  inside 
52  brick  to  the  circle 


Fig.  218 


Regenerator  Tile 


Fig.  219 


The  following  sizes  kept  in  stock: 

16  X  6  X  3  20  X  6  X  3  24  x  6  x  3 

18  x6x3  21  x6x3  24  x9  x3 

19  x6x3  22  x6x3  26  x9x3 

All  other  sizes  made  to  order 


Silica  Shapes 

Twelve  Inch  Series 


12'^  Straight 


137 


Fig.  220 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fig.  222 


Fig.  223 


12^'  Side  Arch 


:  12 


CD 

L 

1  a 


12'^  No.  1  Key 


Fig.  224 


138 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  225 


Fig.  227 


139 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Muffle  Tile 

All  16"  Lengths 


Fig. 229 

D.  F.  Bottom  Tile 


Fig.  230 

Bottom  Side  Tile 


140 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fig.  232 

Roof  Tile 


141 


i 


SUPPLEMENT  OF 


TABLES  AND 
USEFUL  INFORMATION 


Supplement  of 
Valuable  Tables  and  Useful 
Information 


N  presenting  this  addition  to 
our  general  catalogue,  we  have 
endeavored  to  furnish  such 
important  tables  and  general 
information  as  would  be  of  assistance  to 
our  friends  in  the  glass  industry. 

The  matter  herein  added  has  been  care¬ 
fully  selected,  condensed  and  simplified, 
useless  repetition  and  technical  phraseol¬ 
ogy  have  been,  as  far  as  possible,  avoided. 

The  best  references  available  have 
been  investigated,  and  where  so  many 
authorities  have  been  consulted,  the  com¬ 
bination  of  all  in  the  condensed  scope 
of  this  work  precludes  special  reference 
to  most  of  them. 

Trusting  that  our  efforts  will  be  of 
some  assistance  to  you  in  your  every-day 
calculations,  we  subscribe  ourselves, 
Very  sincerely  yours, 

n.  L.  Dixon  Company 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Brick  Work 

General  Information 


A  standard  fire  brick  (9  inches  straight)  weighs  7  pounds. 

A  standard  silica  brick  weighs  6.2  pounds. 

A  standard  magnesia  brick  weighs  9  pounds. 

A  standard  chrome  brick  weighs  10  pounds. 

A  silica  brick  expands  ^  inch  per  foot  when  heated  to  1,500°  F. 

In  the  process  of  manufacture,  clay  brick  will  expand  or  shrink,  depend¬ 
ent  upon  the  proportion  of  silica  to  alumina  contained  in  the  brick ;  but 
most  fire  clay  brick  contain  alumina  sufficient  to  show  some  shrinkage. 

Under  high  temperatures  fire  brick  will  expand  slightly  but  silica  brick 
much  more  so.  Therefore  be  careful  of  furnace  stays. 

Good  brickwork  depends  much  on  the  following  points : 

Use  of  good  fire  clay  (equal  in  refractoriness  to  the  brick  itself) 
applied  very  thin,  preferably  dipped  and  rubbed  close. 

Silica  brick,  when  necessary,  should  be  laid  in  silica  cement  and  with 
the  smallest  joint  possible. 

All  fire  brick  should  be  kept  in  a  dry  place,  moisture,  especially  in  cold 
weather,  will  greatly  injure  any  brick. 

New  brickwork  should  be  dried  out  slowly  and  thoroughly  by  air, 
when  time  will  permit.  When  the  fires  are  lighted,  it  should  be  warmed 
up  slowly  to  expel  moisture,  before  applying  severe  heat.  This  is  espe¬ 
cially  true  of  the  Benches. 

Old  brickwork  may  be  heated  more  rapidly,  unless  during  the  shut-down 
it  has  absorbed  moisture,  in  which  case  gradual  heating  is  advisable. 

The  refractoriness  of  silica  brick  is  greatly  decreased  by  sudden  heating. 

Furnaces  should  be  cooled  slowly. 

Cold  air  after  extreme  heat  is  the  hardest  test  on  good  fire  brick. 

Lighter  burned  fire  clay  brick  in  roofs  will  usually  give  better  service 
than  hard  burned  brick. 

The  following  notes  will  be  found  useful  in  approximating  on  fire 
brickwork : 

Brickwork  is  generally  measured  by  1,000  brick  laid  in  the  wall.  In 
consequence  of  variations  in  size  of  brick,  no  rule  for  volume  of  laid 
brick  can  be  exact.  The  following  scale,  however,  is  a  fair  average : 


7 

14 

21 

28 

35 


Common  brick  to  a  super. 

ii  a  i(  n 

a  n  a  n 

ti  a  a  a 

u  a  a  it 


ft.  4-inch  wall. 


ii  Q  it  ii 

u  ,< 

“  18  “ 

ii  OO  ii  ii 


One  cubic  foot  of  wall  requires  17  9-inch  brick;  one  cubic  yard 
requires  460.  Where  wedges,  arches  and  keys  are  used,  add  10  per  cent 
in  estimating  the  number  required. 

Corners  are  not  measured  twice  as  in  stonework.  Openings  over  2 
feet  square  are  deducted.  Arches  are  counted  from  the  spring.  Fancy 
work  counted  1)4  brick  as  1.  Pillars  are  measured  on  their  face  only. 


145 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


One  yard  of  paving  requires  36  stock  brick,  of  size  8^  x  4J4  x  2% 
laid  flat,  or  52  on  edge;  and  35  paving  brick  laid  flat,  or  62  on  edge. 

One  cubic  foot  of  red  brickwork,  with  common  mortar,  weighs  from 
100  to  110  pounds. 

1  cubic  foot  fire  clay  brickwork  weighs  150  pounds. 

1  cubic  foot  silica  brickwork  weighs  130  pounds. 

1,000  brick  closely  stacked  occupies  56  cubic  feet. 

1,000  brick  loosely  stacked  occupies  72  cubic  feet. 

Shipments 

Carload  shipments  usually  make  better  time  in  transit  from  shipping 
point  to  destination  than  less  than  carload. 

The  minimum  carload  of  clay  or  brick  is  40,000  pounds. 

Clay  for  shipment  by  boat  or  less  than  carload  by  rail  must  be  sacked 
or  barreled. 


Cement,  Lime,  Mortar,  Etc. 

Lime  mortar  consists  of  one  part  of  lime  and  not  more  than  four  parts 
of  sand. 

All  lime  used  for  mortar  should  be  thoroughly  burnt,  of  good  quality 
and  properly  slaked  and  run  off  before  it  is  mixed  with  sand. 

Lime  will  absorb  one-fourth  of  its  own  weight  of  water  before  it  is 
thoroughly  slaked  and  will  expand  to  two  or  three  times  its  lump  size. 

In  mixing  concrete  or  mortar  the  following  sizes  and  capacities  of 
boxes,  bins,  etc.,  may  be  found  useful : 


Length 

Breadth 

Depth 

Capacity 

8  feet  0  inches 

4  feet  0  inches 

2  feet  0  inches 

16  bbls. 

5  “  0  “ 

3  “  0  “ 

2  “  0  “ 

6  “ 

24  “ 

16  “ 

28  “ 

1  “ 

26  “ 

15  “ 

8 

X  “ 

One  ton  of  ground  fire  clay  should  be  sufficient  to  lay  3,000  ordinary 
fire  brick. 

Thirteen  bushels  of  mortar  will  lay  1,000  brick. 

From  400  to  600  pounds  of  fire  clay  or  silica  cement  is  enough  to 
lay  up  1,000  brick.  Fine  ground  fire  clay  should  be  used  for  laying  up 
fire  clay  brick  and  silica  cement  for  silica  brick. 

A  cubic  yard  of  mortar  requires  one  cubic  yard  of  sand  and  nine 
bushels  of  lime,  and  will  fill  30  hods. 

Twenty-seven  cubic  feet  or  1  cubic  yard  is  equal  to  a  single  load  of 
sand,  also  equal  to  21  bushels. 

Earth  and  clay  increases  in  bulk  about  when  dug ;  sand  and 
gravel  1/10. 


14(> 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Miscellaneous  Weights,  Etc. 


Cement  (Hydraulic)  Rosendale,  weighs  per  bbl . 280  lbs. 

“  “  Louisville,  “  “  “  248  “ 

“  “  German  Portland,  “  “  “  384  “ 

“  “  American,  “  “  “  288  “ 

Gypsum,  ground .  “  “  “  280  “ 

Lime,  loose  .  “  “  “  280  “ 

Lime,  well  shaken .  “  “  “  320  “ 

Sand,  at  98  lbs.  per  square  foot  .  “  “  “  490  “ 


Sustaining  Power  of  Soils 

Rock,  two  hundred  tons  per  square  foot. 

Gravel,  eight  tons  per  square  foot. 

Sand,  four  tons  per  square  foot. 

Clay,  four  tons  per  square  foot. 

Soft  clay,  one  ton  per  square  foot. 

Stone,  Concrete,  Clay  Pottery,  Etc. 

In  a  standard  perch  of  stone  there  are  24^^  cubic  feet,  but  2^  cubic 
feet  are  generally  allowed  the  quarrymen  for  the  mortar  and  filling.  In 
some  communities  a  short  perch  of  16)4  cubic  feet  is  used. 


147 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Material  Required 

For  One  Cubic  Yard  Rammed  Concrete 


Mixtures 

Stone 

1  inch  and  Under 
Dust  Screened  Out 

Stone 

2'4  inches  and  Under 
Dust  Screened  Out 

Gravel 

Yx  inch  and  Under 
Screened  or  VVashed 

Cement 

Sand 

Stone 

Cement 

Bbls. 

Sand 

Cu.  Yds. 

Stone 

Cu.  Y'ds. 

Cement 

Bbls. 

Sand 

Cu.  Yds. 

Stone 

Cu.  Yds. 

Cement 

Bbls. 

Sand 

Cu.  Yds. 

Gravel 

Cu.  Yds. 

1 

1.0 

2.0 

2.57 

0.39 

0.78 

2.63 

0.40 

0.80 

2.30 

0.35 

0.74 

1 

1.0 

2.5 

2.29 

0.35 

0.70 

2.34 

0.36 

0,89 

2.10 

0.32 

0.80 

1 

1.0 

3.0 

2.06 

0.31 

0.94 

2.10 

0.32 

0.96 

1.89 

0.29 

0.86 

1 

1.0 

3.5 

1.84 

0.28 

0.98 

1.88 

0.29 

1.00 

1.71 

0.26 

0.91 

1 

1.5 

2.5 

2.05 

0.47 

0.78 

2.09 

0.48 

0.80 

1.83 

0.42 

0.73 

1 

1.5 

3.0 

1.85 

0.42 

0.84 

1.90 

0.43 

0.87 

1.71 

0.39 

0.78 

1 

1.5 

3.5 

1.72 

0.39 

0.91 

1.74 

0.40 

0.93 

1.57 

0.36 

0.83 

1 

1.5 

4.0 

1.57 

0.36 

0.96 

1.61 

0.37 

0.98 

1.46 

0.33 

0.88 

1 

1.5 

4.5 

1.43 

0.33 

0.98 

1.46 

0.33 

1.00 

1.34 

0.31 

0.91 

1 

2.0 

3.0 

1.70 

0.52 

0.77 

1.73 

0.53 

0.79 

1.54 

0.47 

0.73 

1 

2.0 

3.5 

1.57 

0.48 

0.83 

1.61 

0.49 

0.85 

1.44 

0.44 

0.77 

1 

2.0 

4.0 

1.46 

0.44 

0.89 

1.48 

0.45 

0.90 

1.34 

0.41 

0.81 

1 

2.0 

4.5 

1.36 

0.42 

0.93 

1.38 

0.42 

0.95 

1.26 

0.38 

0.86 

1 

2.0 

5.0 

1.27 

0.39 

0.97 

1.29 

0.39 

0.98 

1.17 

0.36 

0.89 

1 

2.5 

3.5 

1.45 

0.55 

0.77 

1.48 

0.56 

0.79 

1.32 

0.50 

0.70 

1 

2.5 

4.0 

1.35 

0.52 

0.82 

1.38 

0.53 

0.84 

1.24 

0.47 

0.75 

1 

2.5 

4.5 

1.27 

0.48 

0.87 

1.29 

0.49 

0.88 

1.16 

0.44 

0.80 

1 

2.5 

5.0 

1.19 

0.46 

0.91 

1.21 

0.46 

0.92 

1.10 

0.42 

0.83 

1 

2.5 

5.5 

1.13 

0.43 

0.94 

1.15 

0.44 

0.96 

1.03 

0.39 

0.86 

1 

2.5 

6.0 

1.07 

0.41 

0.97 

1.07 

0.41 

0.98 

0.98 

0.37 

0.89 

1 

3.0 

4.0 

1.26 

0.58 

0.77 

1.28 

0.58 

0.78 

1.15 

0.52 

0.72 

1 

3.0 

4.5 

1.18 

0.54 

0.81 

1.20 

0.53 

0.82 

1.09 

0.50 

0.75 

1 

3.0 

5.0 

1.11 

0.51 

0.85 

1.14 

0.52 

0.87 

1.03 

0.47 

0.78 

1 

3.0 

5.5 

1.06 

0.48 

0.89 

1.07 

0.49 

0.90 

0.97 

0.44 

0.81 

1 

3.0 

6.0 

1.01 

0.46 

0.92 

1.02 

0.47 

0.93 

0.92 

0.42 

0.84 

1 

3.0 

6.5 

0.96 

0.44 

0.95 

0.98 

0.44 

0.96 

0.88 

0.40 

0.87 

1 

3.0 

7.0 

0.91 

0.42 

0.97 

0.92 

0.42 

0.98 

0.84 

0.38 

0.89 

1 

3.5 

5.0 

1.05 

0.56 

0.80 

1.07 

0.57 

0.82 

0.96 

0.50 

0.76 

1 

3.5 

5.5 

1.00 

0.53 

0.84 

1.02 

0.54 

0.85 

0.92 

0.48 

0.78 

1 

3.5 

6.0 

0.95 

0.50 

0.87 

0.97 

0.51 

0.89 

0.88 

0.46 

0.80 

1 

3.5 

6.5 

0.92 

0.49 

0.91 

0.93 

0.49 

0.92 

0.83 

0.44 

0.82 

1 

3.5 

7.0 

0.87 

0.47 

0.93 

0.89 

0.47 

0.95 

0.80 

0.43 

0.85 

1 

3.5 

7.5 

0.84 

0.45 

0.96 

0.86 

0.45 

0.98 

0.76 

0.41 

0.87 

1 

3.5 

8.0 

0.80 

0.42 

0.97 

0.82 

0.43 

1.01 

0.73 

0.39 

0.89 

148 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


E* 


Seger  Cones 

The  Seger  cones  were  developed  in  Germany  by  Dr.  Herman  A. 
Seger  in  his  life  work  of  putting  the  clay  industry  in  that  country 
on  a  scientific  basis.  They  are  now  made  in  this  country  by  the 
following  table  of  chemical  formulas  and  mixture.  The  analyses  of  his 
Zettilitz  Kaolin  and  Rackonitz  shale  clay,  which  in  nature  we  term  in  this 
country  as  plastic  and  flint  clays,  are  as  follows,  and  which  he  uses  as  his 
standard  : 


Zettilitz  Kaolin 

Rackonitz 
Shale  Clay 

Silica . 

. 46.87 

62.50 

Alumina . 

. 38.56 

45.22 

Lime . 

0.50 

Iron  Oxide . 

. .  0.83 

0.81 

Magnesia . 

0.64 

Potash  1 

.  1.06 

trace 

Soda  / 

Loss  ignition . 

. 12.73 

0.78 

100.06 

100.35 

Mechanical  Analysis:  Rackonitz  Shale  Clay. 

99.27%  Clay  Substance. 

0.73%  Sand. 

The  clay  therefore  consists  of  pure  clay  substance. 

The  melting  point  of  cones  is  dependent  upon  the  ratio  of  alumina  to 
silica  and  the  amount  of  fluxes  contained. 


Cone  Numbers  for  Clay  Working 

The  cone  numbers  used  in  the  different  branches  of  the  clay-working 
industry  in  the  United  States  are  approximately  as  follows ; 


Common  brick .  012-01 

Hard-burned,  common  brick .  1-2 

Buff  front  brick  .  5-  9 

Hollow  blocks  and  fireproofing .  03-  1 

Terra  Cotta .  02-  7 

Conduits .  7-  8 

White  earthenware .  8-  9 

Fire  bricks .  6-18 

Porcelain .  11-13 

Red  earthenware .  010-05 

Stoneware .  6-  8 


149 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Composition  and  Fusing-Points 

of  Seger  Cones 

(Henrich  Ries) 

No.  of 

Cone 

Composition 

Fusing-point 
°Fahr.  °Cent. 

.022  . 

j  0.5Na2  0  \ 

1  0.5Pb  0  f 

/  2.0Si 

1  I.O62 

O2 

O3 

. . . .  1,094 

590 

i 

.021 . 

1  0.5Na2  0  \ 
1  0.5Pb  0  f 

0.1  AI2  O3 

I  2.2Si 

1  I.O62 

O2 

O3 

....1,148 

620 

.020  . 

1  0.5Na2  0  \ 

\  0.5Pb  0  f 

0.2  AI2  O3 

/  2.4Si 

1  I.O62 

0. 

O3 

. . . .  1,202 

650 

.019 . 

[  0.5Na2  0  \ 
1  0.5Pb  0  ( 

0.3  Al 2  O3 

J  2.6Si 

1  1.06, 

O2 

O3 

....1,256 

680 

.018 . 

r  0.5Na,  0  \ 

\  0.5Pb‘  0  /■ 

0.4  AI2  O3 

(  2.8Si 

1  I.O62 

0, 

O3 

....1,310 

710 

.017 . 

J  0.5Na2  0  1 

1  0.5Pb  0  f 

0.5  AI2  O3 

(  3.0Si 

1  I.O62 

O2 

O3 

,...1,364 

740 

/  O.SNa^  0  1 
. 1  0.5Pb  0  / 

0.55  Al 2  O3 

1  3.1  Si 

1  I.O62 

O3 

O3 

}... 

,...1,418 

770 

j  0.5Na.2  O  ^ 
. 1  0.5Pb  O  f 

0  6  Al  0  3.2Si 

U.t)  AI2  U3  ^  J 

O3 

O3 

}... 

...1,472 

800 

.014 . ^ 

j  0.5Na2  0  \ 

1  0.5Pb  0  / 

0.65  AI2  O3  ■ 

i  3.3Si 

1  I.O62 

O2 

O3 

1 

/  ••• 

...1,526 

830 

Ai  q  /  0.5Na2  O  ( 

. t  0.5Pb  O  / 

0.7  AI2  O3  < 

1  3.4Si 
II.O62 

0, 

0; 

}... 

...1,580 

860 

019  1  0.5Na2  0  ^ 

. \  0.5Pb  0  f 

0.75  AI2  O3  { 

O3 

O3 

}■■■ 

...1,634 

890 

.011 . ^ 

f  0.5Na2  0  \ 
L  0.5Pb  0  / 

0  8  Al  0  i 

U.8AI2  U3  '11062 

O2 

O3 

}... 

...1,688 

920 

.010 . ■{ 

f  0.3K,  0  \ 

1  0.7Ca“  0  f 

0.2  Fe2  O3  /  3.50Si 
0.3  Al  2  O3  \0.50B2 

O2 

O3 

}... 

...1,742 

950 

.09  . ^ 

f  O.3K2  0  1 

L  0.7Ca  0  f 

0.2  Fe2  O3  1  3.50Si 
0.3  Al  2  O3  10.4562 

0, 

0; 

}... 

...1,778 

970 

.08  . ] 

f  O.3K2  0  1 

L  0.7Ca  0  / 

0.2  Fe  2  O3  i  3.60Si 
0.3  Al  2  O3  \  0.406  2 

O2 

O3 

)... 

...1,814 

990 

.07  . j 

r  0.3K2  0  1 

L  0.7Ca  0  f 

0.2  Fe2  O3  j  3.65Si 
0.3  Al  2  O3  10.3562 

O3 

O3 

}... 

...1,850 

1,010 

.06  . j 

1  O.3K2  0  \  0.2  Fe2  O3  ^ 
L  0.7Ca  0  f  0.3  AI2  O3  ^ 

r  3.70Si 
[  0.306  2 

0.3 

O3 

}... 

. . .  1,886 

1,030 

.05  . <1 

^  O.3K2  0  \  0.2  Fe2  O3  J 
^  0.7Ca  0  j  0.3  AI2  O3  1 

(  3.75Si 

1  0.2562 

O3 

O3 

. . .  1,922 

1,050 

.04  . <1 

O.3K2  0  \ 
0.7Ca  0  f 

0.2  Fe2  O3  J 
0.3  AI2  O3  1 

I  3.80Si 

1  O.2O62 

O3 

O3 

}... 

. . .  1,958 

1,070 

.03  . ^ 

0.3K2  0  1 
,  0.7Ca  0  f 

0.2  Fe2  O3  J 
0.3  Al  2  O3  1 

3.85Si 
:  0.1562 

O3 

O3 

}... 

. .  .1,994 

1,090 

.02  . 1 

0.3K2  0  1 
_  0.7Ca  0  / 

0.2  Fe2  O3  J 
0.3  AI2  O3  1 

3.90Si 

^0.1062 

O2 

O3 

}... 

...2,030 

1,110 

. { 

O.3K2  0  1 
0.7Ca  0  f 

0.2  Fe2  O3  J 
0.3  AI2  O3  1 

3.95Si 
,  0.0562 

O3 

O3 

}... 

. .  .2,066 

1,130 

1  /  O.3K2  0  1  0.2  Fe^  O3  J 

^  . 1  0.7Ca  0  /  0.3  AI2  O3  1 

4  Si  O2 

...2,102 

1,150 

2  . 1 

0.3K2  0  1 
0.7Ca  0  1 

0.1  Fcj  O3  j 

0.4  AI2  O3  \ 

4  Si  O2 

. .  .2,138 

1,170 

1 

»  . { 

0.3K2  0  \ 
0.7Ca  0  j 

0.05  66303  f 
O.45AI2O3  1 

4  Si  O2 

...2,174 

1,190 

150 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Composition  and  Fusing-Points  of  Seger  Cones 


No.  of 

Cone 

4 .  < 

i  O.3K2 

1  0.7Ca 

(Continued) 

Composition 

Q  j  0.5AUO3 

4Si 

O2... 

Fusing-point 
“Fahr.  “Cent. 

. 2,210  1,210 

5 . - 

1  O.3K2 

1  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

[0.5AI2O3 

5Si 

O2... 

. 2,246 

1,230 

6  i  0.SK, 

. \  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

[0.6  AI2  O3 

6Si 

O2... 

. 2,282 

1,250 

7  i  0.3K, 

0 

0 

}  0.7  AI.2  O3 

7Si 

o„ 

9  .ms 

1,270 

1  0.7Ca 

V-/2  •  •  • 

8 . < 

1  0.3K, 

1  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

[0.8  A1 2  O3 

8Si 

O2.... 

. 2,354 

1,290 

9 . < 

r  0.3K, 
1  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

}  0.9  AI2  O3 

9Si 

O2..., 

. 2,390 

1,310 

10  i  0-3K2 

. \  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

}  1.0  AI2  O3 

lOSi 

O2..., 

. 2,426 

1,330 

11 . ^ 

r  0.3K, 

1  0.7Ca' 

0 

0 

j>1.2  AI2  O3 

12Si 

O2..., 

. 2,462 

1,350 

12 . . 

r  0.3K2 

1.  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

[1.4AI2O3 

14Si 

O2..., 

. 2,498 

1,370 

18  /  0-3K. 

. (  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

I'l.e  AI2O3 

16Si 

0,.... 

. 2,534 

1,390 

. 1 

r  0.3K2 

i  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

[1.8  AI2O3 

18Si 

02.... 

. 2,570 

1,410 

15  i  0-3K. 

. 1  0.7Ca 

0 

0 

[2.1  AI2O3 

21Si 

02.... 

. 2,606 

1,430 

16 . i 

r  0.3K2 

[  0.7Ca 

0 

0  , 

[2.4  AI2  O3 

24Si 

02.... 

_ 2,642 

1,450 

. ] 

r  0.3K2 

1  0.7Ca 

0  ^ 
0  J 

[2.7  AI2  O3 

27Si 

02.... 

_ 2,678 

1,470 

'8 . 

r  0.3K2 

L  0.7Ca 

0  1 
0  J 

[3.1  AI2O3 

31Si 

02.... 

....2,714 

1,490 

. \ 

r  0.3K2 

^  0.7Ca 

0  }y.5Al2  O3 

35Si 

02.... 

....2,750 

1,510 

20 . j 

[  O.3K2 
:  0.7Ca 

0  }3.9  AI2  O3 

39Si 

02.... 

....2,786 

1,530 

. i 

■  O.3K2 
^  0.7Ca 

§  j4.4  AI2O3 

44Si 

02.... 

...2,822 

1,550 

22 . j 

^  O.3K2 
,  0.7Ca 

0  1 
0  J 

U.9  AI2  O3 

49Si 

02.... 

....2,858 

1,570 

23 . j 

^  O.3K2 
.  0.7Ca 

0  1 
0  J 

^5.4  AI2  O3 

54Si 

02.... 

....2,894 

1,590 

24 . 1 

'  0.3K, 

^  0.7Ca‘ 

8  }6.0  AI2O3 

60Si 

02.... 

....2,930 

1,610 

25 . <j 

'  O.3K2 
,  0.7Ca 

0  1 
0  ) 

^6.6  AI2  O3 

66Si 

02.... 

....2,966 

1,630 

26 . { 

O.3K2 
,  0.7Ca 

0  1 

0  J 

>7.2  AI2  O3 

72Si 

02.... 

....3,002 

1,650 

27 . 1 

'  O.3K2 
_  0.7Ca 

0  1 
0  1 

>20  AI2  O3 

200Si 

02.... 

....3,038 

1,670 

151 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Composition  and  Fusing-Points  of  Seger  Cones 

(Continued) 


No.  of 

Cone 

Composition 

Fusing-point 
°Fahr.  °Cent. 

28  . 

/  0.3K., 

0  ( 

AI2  O3  lOSi  O2  .... 

. 3,074 

1,690 

. \  0.7Ca 

29  . 

. Al, 

O3 

lOSi  O2 . 

. 3,110 

1,710 

30  . 

. Al, 

O3 

8Si  O2 . 

. 3,146 

1,730 

31  . 

. Al, 

O3 

6Si  O2 . 

. 3,182 

1,750 

32  . 

. Al, 

O3 

5Si  O2 . 

. 3,218 

1,770 

33  . 

. Al, 

O3 

3Si  O2 . 

. 3,254 

1,790 

34  . 

. Al, 

O3 

2.5Si  O2 . 

. 3,290 

1,810 

35  . 

. Al, 

O3 

2Si  O2 . 

. 3,326 

1,830 

36  . 

. AI2 

O3 

1.5Si  O2 . 

1,850 

37  . 

. 3,398 

1,880 

38  . 

. 3,434 

1,910 

39  . 

. 3,470 

1,940 

Elements  Corresponding  to  the  Symbols 
Appearing  in  the  Foregoing  Table 


Name 

Symbol 

Name 

Symbol 

Alumina . 

. (AI2  O3) 

Lime . 

. (Ca  O) 

Borax  . 

. (B3  O3) 

Potash . 

. (K2  O) 

Ferric  Oxide . 

. (Fe2  O3) 

Silica . 

. (Si  O2) 

Lead . 

. (Pb  O) 

Soda . . 

. (Naj  O3) 

152 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Table  of 

The  Elements  and  their  Atomic  Weights 


Name 

Symbol 

Atomic 

Weight 

0  =  16 

11 

Name 

Symbol 

.‘\tomic 

Weight 

0=16 

Aluminium . 

A1 

27.1 

Neodymium . 

Nd 

143.6 

Antimony . 

I  Sb 

120.2 

1  Neon . 

Ne 

20. 

Argon . 

1  A 

39.9 

Nickel  . 

Ni 

58.7 

Arsenic . 

As 

76.0 

Nitrogen 

N 

14  04 

Barium . 

Ba 

137.4 

Osmium 

191 

Bismuth  . 

Bi 

208.5 

Oxvgen 

o 

16  00 

Boron . 

B 

11.0 

Pa  lladinm 

Pd 

lOfi  .'i 

Bromine . 

Br 

79.96 

Phosphnnis 

p 

31  0 

Cadmium . 

;  Cd 

112.4 

Platinum . 

Pt 

194.8 

Caesium . 

Cs 

132.9 

Potassium . 

K 

39.15 

Calcium . 

1  Ca 

40.1 

Praseodymium . . . 

Pr 

140.5 

Carbon  . 

I  ^ 

12.00 

Radium . 

Ra 

225. 

Cerium . 

Ce 

140.25 

Rhodium . 

Rh 

103.0 

Chlorine . 

Cl 

35.45 

Rubidium . 

Rb 

85.5 

Chromium . 

Cr 

52.1 

Ruthenium  . 

Ru 

101.7 

Cobalt . 

Co 

59.0 

Samarium . 

Sm 

150.3 

Columbium . 

Cb 

94. 

Scandium  . 

Sc 

44.1 

Copper . 

Cu 

63.6 

Selenium . 

Se 

79.2 

Erbium  . 

Er 

166. 

Silicon . 

Si 

28.4 

Fluorine . 

F 

19. 

Silver . 

Ag 

107.93 

Gadolinium . 

Gd 

156. 

Sodium .  .  . 

Na 

23  05 

Gallium . 

Ga 

70. 

Strontium  . 

Sr 

87.6 

Germanium  . 

Ge 

72.5 

Sulphur . 

S 

32.06 

Glucinum . 

G1 

9.1 

Tantalum  . 

Ta 

183. 

Gold . 

Au 

197.2 

Tellurium . 

Te 

127.6 

Helium . 

He 

4. 

T  erbium 

Tr 

160 

Hydrogen . 

H 

1.008  i 

Tha  1  Hum 

T1 

204  1 

Indium . 

In 

116. 

Thorium 

Th 

232  5 

Iodine . 

I 

126  97  1 

Thulium 

171 

Iridium . 

Ir 

193.0 

Tin 

119  0 

Iron . 

Fe 

65  9 

Titanium 

Ti 

4.8  1 

Krypton . 

Kr 

81,8 

T  ungsten 

W 

184 

Lanthanum . 

La 

138.9 

Uranium 

T  J 

‘>38  5 

Lead . 

Pb 

206  9 

Vanadium 

V 

51  2 

Lithium . 

Li 

7  03  1 

Xenon 

X 

128 

Magnesium . 

Mg 

24.36 

Ytterbium 

Yb 

173  0 

Manganese . 

Mn 

55.0 

Yttrium 

Y 

89  0 

Mercury . 

Hg 

200.00 

Zinc 

65  4 

Molybdenum . 

Mo 

96.00 

1 

Zirconium . 

Zr 

90  6 

153 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASS  HOUSE 


Special  Glasshouse  Data 

Temperature  Constants  for  Glass  Working 

Fahr.  Cent. 


Glass  Furnace,  between  pots  .  2507  1375 

In  the  pots,  refining  .  2390  1310 

In  the  pots,  working .  1913  1045 

Fahr.  Cent. 


Annealing  Glassware . 800°  to  1000°  444°  to  555° 


Rule  for  calculating  amount  of  invoice  for  Soda  Ash  58%,  billed  at 
certain  price  based  on  48%  Soda  Ash. 

Rule  ; 

Divide  value  @  48%  base  of  invoice  by  6. 

Divide  quotient  by  4. 

Add  dividend  and  two  quotients. 

Result  =  Value  58%. 

Example  : 

James  Ashley  Co. 

10  bbls.  58%  Soda  Ash. 

4830  lbs.  @  85  cents  48%  base  =  $49.61. 

4830  X  85  cents  =  $41.0550. 

$41.0550  -p  6  =  6.8425. 

6.8425  ^  4  =  1.71062. 

41.0550  +  $6.8425  +  $1.71062  =  $49,608  for  58%. 

Washing  Iron  from  Chest  Cullet 

The  following  process  of  washing  iron  from  chest  cullet  should  be 
conducted  in  a  wash  house  located  outside  of  the  factory  building  and 
as  near  to  the  boiler  or  boilers  as  possible. 

The  former  is  advisable  on  account  of  the  obnoxious  fumes  given  off 
during  the  washing  process  and  the  latter,  for  the  sake  of  economy  in  the 
use  of  steam. 

Select  a  common  oil  barrel,  replace  the  iron  hoops  with  copper  hoops; 
bore  a  hole  near  the  bottom  to  drain  the  acid  solution  after  washing;  and 
provide  a  wooden  plug  to  close  the  hole  while  washing. 

As  dry  steam  must  be  used  to  boil  the  solution,  insert  a  piece  of  ^-inch 
lead  pipe  about  4  feet  long  in  the  barrel  through  the  top,  which  is  left 
open.  The  lead  pipe  should  be  placed  within  three  or  four  inches  of  the 
bottom  and  should  be  connected  to  steam  pipe  with  a  piece  of  rubber 
hose  so  as  to  be  casdy  detached.  A  valve  should  be  placed  at  a  con¬ 
venient  point  in  the  steam  line  to  shut  off  steam.  The  barrel  should  be 
mounted  on  two  trunnions  or  spindles  so  as  to  be  easily  turned  over  to 
discharge  the  glass  contents. 


154 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Operation 

First  plug  hole  in  bottom,  insert  lead  steam  pipe;  then  fill  with  cullet; 
pour  in  muriatic  acid  diluted  with  water  25%  to  50%  to  almost  cover  the 
glass;  then  turn  on  steam.  In  five  minutes  after  the  acid  boils  the  steam 
can  be  turned  off,  acid  drained  off  and  the  glass  taken  out,  leaving  the 
barrel  ready  for  the  next  washing. 

The  washed  glass  should  be  well  rinsed  with  water  from  a  hose. 

The  glass  should  be  dumped  on  a  grating  or  perforated  floor  to  enable 
the  water  to  drain  off  easily.  The  hole  in  the  barrel  for  drawing  off 
the  acid  should  be  on  the  opposite  side  from  the  place  where  the  glass  is 
dumped.  The  acid  must  be  drained  into  a  glass  receptacle  or  a  wooden 
one  with  copper  hoops.  The  receptacle  should  be  provided  with  a  hoist 
for  purposes  of  raising  and  pouring  the  acid  back  into  the  barrel.  The 
acid  can  be  used  repeatedly,  but  it  must  be  understood  that  the  acid  is 
weakened  each  time  by  condensation  of  steam,  diluting  it  with  water  so 
that  it  is  necessary  to  occasionally  renew  the  old  solution  by  the  addi¬ 
tion  of  a  little  new  stock. 

If  the  above  is  rigged  up  in  the  right  manner  two  men  can,  in  a  day’s 
time,  wash  a  week’s  accumulated  glass  from  one  furnace. 


Precautions 

Use  only  lead,  wood,  glass  or  rubber  in  the  acid.  Do  not  use  anything 
with  iron  in  it.  The  men  can  wear  rubber  gloves  and  boots.  While 
copper  may  be  used,  it  will  not  entirely  resist  the  action  of  the  acid. 

Painting 

For  outside  woodwork,  paint  made  from  white  lead,  ground  in  linseed 
oil,  is  most  used.  If  the  oil  is  raw,  or  unboiled,  dryer  is  added;  if  boiled, 
no  dryer  is  necessary.  Not  less  than  four  coats  should  be  applied,  five 
are  better. 

Paint,  ready  mixed,  put  up  in  cans  or  kegs,  may  be  procured  from 
manufacturers  or  dealers.  These  paints  have  to  be  thinned  by  adding  one 
pint  of  oil  to  about  2^  pounds  of  paint.  When  thinned,  one  pound 
will  cover  about  two  square  yards  of  first  coat,  three  yards  of  second  and 
four  yards  of  each  subsequent  coat;  or  1^  pounds  to  the  square  yard 
will  be  required  for  four  coats  and  1|4  pounds  for  five  coats. 

For  inside  work,  whether  white  lead  or  oxide  of  zinc  is  used,  and  for 
good  work  four  coats  are  necessary. 

For  iron  exposed  to  the  weather,  metallic  paints,  such  as  yellow  and  red 
iron  ochres  or  brown  hematite  ore,  finely  pulverized  and  mixed  with  oil  or 
dryer,  are  best. 

For  black  iron,  galvanized  iron  and  tin  surfaces,  one  gallon  of  paint 
will  cover  250  to  350  square  feet  as  a  first  coat,  depending  on  the  character 
of  the  surface,  and  from  360  to  450  as  a  second  coat. 

For  iron  subject  to  the  action  of  water,  red  lead  is  best. 


165 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Plastered  walls  should  stand  a  year  before  painting. 

Painting  is  measured  by  the  square  yard,  girding  every  part  of  the  work 
that  is  covered  by  paint  and  allowing  an  addition  to  the  actual  surface 
for  the  difficulty  of  covering  deep  quirk  of  mouldings  and  for  “cutting  in” 
as  in  sash  and  shelving,  or  where  there  is  a  change  in  color,  on  the  same 
work. 


Washes 

For  outside  woodwork.  In  a  tight  barrel,  slake  a  half  bushel  of  fresh 
lime  by  pouring  over  it  boiling  water  sufficient  to  cover  it  four  or  five 
inches  deep,  stir  until  slaked ;  add  two  pounds  of  sulphate  of  zinc  dis¬ 
solved  in  water,  add  water  enough  to  bring  all  to  the  consistency  of  thick 
whitewash. 

For  inside  woodwork.  Add  two  quarts  of  thin  size  to  a  pail  full  of 
wash  just  before  using.  A  common  practice  of  mixing  salt  with  white¬ 
wash  should  not  be  permitted. 

For  brick  or  stonework.  Slake  one-half  bushel  of  lime,  as  before,  in 
a  barrel ;  then  fill  the  barrel  two-thirds  full  of  water  and  add  a  bushel  of 
hydraulic  cement ;  add  three  pounds  of  sulphate  of  zinc  dissolved  in  water. 
These  washes  may  be  colored  by  adding  powdered  ochre,  umber,  etc. 


156 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Mensuration 

Weights  and  Measures 

The  Standard  Unit  of  the  U.  S.  and  British  Linear  Measure  is  the 
yard.  It  was  intended  to  be  exactly  the  same  for  both  countries, 
but  in  reality  the  U.  S.  yard  exceeds  the  British  Standard  by  .0CX)87 
inch.  The  actual  standard  of  length  of  the  U.  S.  is  a  brass  scale  82  inches 
long  prepared  for  the  Coast  Survey  and  deposited  in  the  office  of  Weights 
and  Measures  at  the  U.  S.  Treasury  Department,  Washington,  D.  C.  The 
yard  is  between  the  27th  and  63rd  inches  of  this  scale.  The  temperature 
at  which  this  scale  is  designed  to  be  standard,  and  at  which  it  is  used 
in  the  Lh  S.  Coast  Survey,  is  62°  Fahrenheit. 

Dry  Measure 

Pints  =  38.6  cubic  inches. 

2  =  1  quart  =  67.2  cubic  inches. 

8=4  “  =1  gallon  =  268.8  cubic  inches. 

16  =  8  “  =2  “  =1  peck  =  637.6  cubic  inches. 

64  =  32  “  =8  “  =4  “  =1  bushel  =  2150.4  cubic  inches. 

Note:  The  standard  U.  S.  bushel  is  the  Winchester  bushel,  which  is  in  cylinder  form, 
18f4  inches  diameter  and  eight  inches  deep  and  contains  2150  42-100  cubic  inches. 


Liquid  or  Wine  Measure 
Gills  =  7.2187  cubic  inches. 

4  =  1  pint  =  28.875  cubic  inches. 

8  =  2  “  =  1  quart  =  57.75  cubic  inches. 

32  =  8  “  =  4  “  =  1  gallon  =  231  cubic  inches. 

2016  =  404  “  =  252  “  =  63  “  =1  hogshead. 

4032  =  1008  “  =  504  “  =  126  “  =  2  =1  pipe. 

8064  =  2016  “  =1008  “  =  252  “  =4  “  =  2  “  =  1  tun. 

Note:  The  standard  Unit  of  Liquid  Measure  adopted  by  the  U.  S.  Government  is  the 

Winchester  Wine  Gallon,  which  contains  231  cubic  inches  and  holds  8.3.39  pounds  avoir,  of 

distilled  water,  at  its  maximum  density,  weighed  in  air,  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches. 

The  Imperial  gallon  adopted  by  Great  Britain  contains  277.274  cubic  inches  and  1.20032 
U.  S.  gallons. 


Inches 

12  =  1  foot. 

36  =  3  feet  =  1  yard. 

72  =  6  “  =  2  “ 

198  =  16.6  “  =  5.6  “ 

7920  =  660  “  =  220  “ 

63360  =5280  “  =1760  “ 


Long  Measure 


=  1  fathom. 

=  2.75  “  =  1  perch  or  rod. 

=  110  “  =  40  “  =  1  furlong. 

=  880  “  =  320  “  =  8  “  =1  mile. 


Inches  Gunter’s  Chain 

7.92  =  1  link. 

792  =  100  “  =1  chain. 

63360  =  8000  “  =80  “  =1  mile. 


Nautical  Mile  Nautical  Measure 

1  =  6086  feet. 

3  =  1  league. 

60  =  20  “  =1  degree  =  69.16  English  miles. 


Square  Inches  Square  Measure 

144  =  1  sq.  foot. 

1296  =  9  feet  =  1  sq.  yard. 

39204  =  272.25  “  =  30.25  “  =  1  sq.  perch. 

1568160  =  10890  “  =  1210  “  =  40  “  =1  sq.  rod. 

6272640  =  43660  “  =  4840  “  =  160  “  =4  sq.  rod 

An  acre  is  69.5701  yards  square,  or  208.710321  feet  square. 

A  township  is  6  miles  square  =  36  sections. 

Section  “  1  mile  “  =  640  acres. 


A 

1 


“  I. 


'2 


=  160 
=  40 


1  acre. 


157 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Solid  Measure 

Cubic  Inches 

1728=  1  cubic  foot. 

46656=27  cubic  feet=l  cubic  yard. 

2,150.42=  1  standard  busliel. 

268.8  =  1  standard  gallon. 

1  cubic  foot=about  ^  of  a  bushel. 

128  cubic  feet  =  l  cord  (wood). 

Register  Ton:  For  register  tonnage  or  for  measurement  of  the 
entire  internal  capacity  of  a  vessel. 

100  cubic  feet  =  l  Register  Ton. 

Shipping  Ton:  For  the  measurement  of  cargo. 

40  cubic  feet  =  l  U.  S.  Shipping  Ton. 


Troy  Weight 

Grains 
24=  1  dwt. 

480=  20  dwt.=  1  oz. 

5760=240  dwt.  =  12  oz.  =  l  lb. =22.816  cubic  inches  of  distilled  water  at 

62°  Fahr. 

The  U.  S.  standard  of  weight  is  the  Troy  pt)und  and  was  copied  in  1827 
from  the  Imperial  Troy  pound  of  England  for  the  use  of  the  U.  S.  Mint,  and 
there  deposited.  It  is  standard  in  air,  at  62°  Fahr.  the  barometer  at  30  inches. 

Avoirdupois  Weight 

Drachms 

16=  1  oz.=  437.5  grains  Troy 

256=  16  oz.=  7000  grains  =  1  lb. 

6400=  400  oz.=  175000  grains  =  25  lb.=  1  quarter. 

25600=  1600  oz.=  700000  grains  =  100  lb.=  4  “  =1  cvvt. 

512000=32000  oz.  =  14000000  grains  =2000  lb. =80  “  =20  cwt.=  1  ton. 


Grains 


Apothecaries’  Weight 


20=  1  scruple 

60=  3 
480=  24 
5760=288 


=  1  drachm 
=  8  “  =  1  oz. 

=96  “  =12  oz.  =  l  lb. 


Apothecaries’  Measure 

30  min.  =1  fluid  drachm. 

8  fluid  drachms  =  l  fluid  ounce. 

16  fluid  ounces  =1  pint. 

8  pints  =1  gallon. 

45  drops,  or  a  common  teaspoonful,  make  about  one  fluid  drachm;  two 
tablespoonfuls,  about  one  fluid  ounce;  a  wineglassful  about  fluid  ounces 
and  a  teacupful  about  four  fluid  ounces. 


158 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Equivalents  of  Various  Measures  and  Weights 


U.  S. 

Gallon 

Cubic  Inch 

Cubic  Foot 

Pound 

Cwt. 

Ton 

U.  S.  Gallon  .  .  . 

1. 

231. 

.133 

8.33 

.074.55 

.00372 

Cubic  Inch  .... 

.1104329 

1. 

.000058 

.03607 

Cubic  Foot  .  . 

7.48 

1728. 

1. 

62.35 

.557 

.028 

Pound  . 

.083 

27.72 

.016 

1. 

.0089 

.00044 

Cwt . 

13.44 

1.8 

112.00 

1. 

20. 

Ton  . 

268.8 

35.9 

2240. 

20. 

1. 

Equivalents  of  Surfaces  and  Volumes 


Lineal  feet . 

“  yards  . 

Square  inches  . 

“  feet . 

“  yards  . 

Acres . 

Cubic  inches . 

“  feet  . '  .  . 

Circular  inches . 

Cyl.  inches . 

“  feet  . 

Links . 

Feet . 

Width,  in  chains . 

183346  circular  inches . 

2200  cylindrical  inches . 

Cubic  feet . 

“  inches  . 

U.  S.  gallons . 

U.  S.  gallons . 

Cubic  feet  . 

“  inches . 

Cyl.  feet  of  water . 

Lbs.  Avoirdupois . 

•  Cubic  feet  of  water . 

“  inch  of  water . 

Cyl.  feet  water . 

Cyl.  inch  water . 

13.44  U.  S.  gallons  of  water . . 

268.8  “  “  ••  '•  . 

1.8  cubic  feet  of  water . 

35.88  “  “  “  “  . 

Column  of  water  12  inches  high,  and  1  inch  in  diameter  . 
U.  S.  bushel . 

4  4  i  ( 


X 

.00019 

= 

Miles 

X 

.00057 

Z= 

X 

.007 

— 

Square  feet 
“  yards 

X 

.111 

= 

X 

.0002067 

= 

Acres 

X 

.4840 

=: 

Square  yards 

X 

.0<X)58 

z= 

Cubic  feet 

X 

.03704 

= 

“  yards 

X 

.00546 

Square  feet 

X 

.0004546 

Cubic  feet 

X 

.0290tl 

“  yards 

X 

Yards 

X 

.66 

= 

Feet 

X 

1.5 

Links 

X 

8. 

= 

Acres  per  mile 

=r 

1  square  foot 

1  cubic  foot 

X 

7.48 

U.  S.  gallons 

X 

.004329 

= 

U.  S.  gallons 

X 

. 1336 ( 

= 

Cubic  feet 

X 

231. 

“  inches 

X 

.8036 

= 

U.  S.  bushel 

X 

.000466 

X 

6. 

U.  S.  gallons 

X 

.009 

= 

cwt.  (112) 

X 

.00045 

Tons  (2240) 

X 

62.5 

= 

Lbs.  Avoir. 

X 

.03617 

= 

*4 

X 

49.1 

z= 

4  4  4  » 

X 

.02842 

= 

4  4  4  4 

= 

1  cwt. 

1  ton 

= 

1  cwt. 

1  ton 

= 

.341  Lbs. 

X 

.0495 

= 

Cubic  yards 

X 

1.2446 

“  feet 

X 

21.50.42 

= 

inches 

Area  of  rectangle  =  length  X  breadth. 

Area  of  triangle  =  base  X  H  perpendicular  height. 

Diameter  of  circle  =  radius  X  2. 

Circumference  of  circle  =  diameter  X  3.1416. 

Area  of  circle  =  square  of  diameter  X  .7854. 

.  .  ,  ,  ,  area  of  circle  X  number  of  degrees  in  arc. 

Area  of  sector  of  circle  = - - - 


Area  of  surface  of  cylinder  =  circumference  X  length  +  area  of  two  ends. 

To  find  diameter  of  circle  having  given  area:  Divide  the  area  by  .78.54  and  extract  the  sq.  root. 
To  find  the  volume  of  a  cylinder:  Multiply  the  area  of  the  section  in  square  inches  by  the  length 
in  inches  =  the  volume  in  cubic  inches.  Cubic  inches  divided  by  1728  =  volume  in  cu.  ft. 
Surface  of  a  sphere  =  square  of  diameter  X  3.1416. 

Solidity  of  a  sphere  =  cube  of  diameter  X  ..5236. 

Side  of  an  inscribed  cube  =  radius  of  a  sphere  X  f.l547. 

Area  of  the  base  of  a  pyramid  or  cone,  whether  round,  square  or  triangular,  multiplied  by 
one-third  of  its  height  =  the  solidity. 

Diameter  X  .8862  =  side  of  an  equal  square. 

Diameter  X  .7071  =  side  of  an  inscribed  square. 

Radius  X  6.2832  =  circumference. 

Circumference  =  3.5446  X  '  Area  of  circle. 


Diameter  =  1.1-.S3  X  \  of  circle. 

Length  of  arc  =  No.  of  degrees  X  .017453  radius. 

Degrees  in  arc  whose  length  equals  radius  =  57°  2958'. 

Length  of  an  arc  of  1°  =  radius  X  .017453. 

“  “  “  “  1  Min.  =  radius  X  .000290ft. 

“  “  “  “  1  Sec.  =  radius  X  .(KXtOOtS. 

Proportion  of  circumference  to  diameter  =  3.141.5926. 

9.8696044.  1  /  =  0.31831. 

1.77245&S.  1  360  =  .002778. 

0.49715.  360  /  =  114.59. 


Log. 


1.59 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


French  or  Metric  System  of  Measures 


This  system,  first  adopted  by  France,  has  been  extensively  adopted 
by  other  countries,  and  is  much  used  in  the  sciences  and  the  arts. 
It  was  legalized  in  1866  by  Congress  to  be  used  in  the  United 
States,  and  is  already  employed  by  the  Coast  Survey,  and  to  some  extent 
by  the  Mint  and  the  General  Post  Office.  The  names  of  derived  metric 
denominations  are  formed  by  prefixing  to  the  name  of  the  primary  unit 
of  a  measure. 

Mille  (mill'e)  a  thousandth  Hecto  (hek'to)  one  hundred 

Centi  (sent'e)  a  hundredth  Kilo  (kilo)  a  thousand 

Deci  (des'e)  a  tenth  Myria  (mir'ea)  ten  thousand 

Deka  (dek'aj  ten 


Lineal  Measure 


Metres 

U.S.  Inches 

Feet 

Y  ards 

Miles 

Millemetre* . 

.001 

.03937 

.00328 

Centimetret . 

.01 

.3937 

.03280 

Decimetre . 

.1 

3.937 

.32807 

.10936 

Metre  . 

1. 

39.3685 

3.2807 

1.09,36 

Decametre . 

10. 

32.807 

10.936 

Hectometre  . 

100. 

328.07 

109.36 

.0621347 

Kilometre . 

1000. 

3280.7 

1093.6 

.6213466 

Myriametre  . 

100(X). 

32807. 

10936. 

6.213466 

^Nearly  the  1  25  part  of  an  inch.  fFull  inch. 


Square  Measure 


Square 

Metres 

U.S.  Square 
Inches 

Square 

Feet 

Square 

Yards 

.\cres 

Square  Centimetre . 

Square  Decimetre . 

Centiare . 

Are . 

Hectare . 

Square  Kilometre . 

Square  Myriametre . 

.01 

.1 

1. 

10. 

100. 

.38607 

38  607 

.155 

15.5 

1549.88 

1.54988. 

'  .10763 
10.763 
1076.3 
107630. 

.01196 

1.196 

119.6 

119.59. 

.00025 

.0247 

2.47 

247. 

24708. 

Cubic  or  Solid  Measure 


Cubic 

.Metres 

U.  S.  Cubic 
Inches 

U.  S.  Cubic 
Feet 

U.  S.  Cubic 
Yards 

Cubic  Centimetre . 

Cubic  Decimetre . 

Centistre . 

Decistre . 

Stere  . 

Decastere . 

Hectostere . 

.0001 

.001 

.01 

.1 

1. 

10. 

100. 

.0610165 

61.0165 

610.165 

6101.65 

.353105 

3.. 53105 
35.3105 
353.105 

.i;3078 

1.3078 

13.078 

130.78 

Metric  or  French  Weights 


Grammes 

Troy  Grains 

Avoirdupois 

Ounces 

Avoirdupois 

Pounds 

Millegramme . 

Centigramme  . 

Decigramme . 

Gramme . 

Decagramme . 

Hectogramme . 

Kilogramme . 

Mvriogramme . 

Quintal . 

Tonneau  . 

.001 

.01 

.1 

1. 

1(.). 

lOO. 

1000. 

lOOOO. 

100000. 

lOOOOOO. 

.01543 

.1.5433 

1.5433 

15.43316 

.03528 

..3528 

3.52758 

35.2758 

.0022047 

.022047 

.2204737 

2.204737 

22.04737 

220.47.37 

2204.737 

Metric  or  French  Capacity  Measure 


French 

U.  S. 

Dry  Measure 

U.  S.  Liquid  or 
Wine  Measure 

1  Millilitre  — . 

.061  cu.  in.  = 

.•K)18  pts. 

.27  fluid  dm. 

1  Centilitre  — . 

.6102  “ 

.018  “ 

.3.38  “  oz. 

1  Decilitre  = . 

6.1023  "  = 

.18  “ 

.845  “  gills. 

1  Litre  — . 

61.02  “  = 

.908  qts.=  1.8  pts. 

1.0567  quarts 

1  Decalitre  — . 

610.16  “  = 

9.n8  “  =18.16  “ 

2.641  gallons 

1  Hectolitre  — . 

3.531  cu.  ft.  = 

11.321  pks.  (2.837  bu.) 

26.41 

1  Kilolitre  — . 

,35.31 

28.37  *• 

264.14 

1  Mvralitre  = . 

353.1 

283.7  “ 

2641.4 

160 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Table  of 

Decimal  Equivalents  of  Millimeters  and 
Fractions  of  Millimeters 

jJo  Mm  =  .0003937  Inches 


Mm. 

Inches 

Mm. 

Inches 

Mm. 

Indies 

1 

=  .00079 

2 

50 

=  .02047 

2 

=  .07874 

2 

7^0 

=  .00157 

2  7 

50 

=.02126 

‘> 

*} 

=  .11811 

3 

7^0 

=  .00236 

x|o 

=  .02205 

4 

=  .15748 

4 

5  0 

=.00315 

2  9 

55 

=.02283 

5 

=  .19685 

5 

7>0 

=.00394 

3  0 

50 

=  .02362 

6 

=  .23622 

0 

oO 

=  .00472 

3  1 

55 

=  .02441 

7 

=  .27559 

7 

T^0 

=  .00551 

3  2 

50 

=  .02520 

8 

=  .31496 

8 

ZTi 

=  .00630 

3  3 

50 

=  .02598 

9 

=  .35433 

9 

■^0 

=  .00709 

34 

55 

=  .02677 

10 

=  .39370 

1  0 

50 

=  .00787 

3  5 

50 

=  .02756 

11 

=  .43307 

1 1 

■50 

=  .00866 

3  6 

55 

=  .02835 

12 

=  .47244 

1  2 

50 

=  .00945 

3  7 

50 

=  .02913 

13 

=  .51181 

1  3 

5  0 

=  .01024 

3  8 

50 

=  .02992 

14 

=  .55118 

1  4 

50 

=  .01102 

3  9 

:>o 

=  .03071 

15 

=  .59055 

1  5 

50 

=  .01181 

4  0 

50 

=.03150 

16 

=  .62992 

1  0 

50 

=.01260 

4  1 

50 

=  .03228 

17 

=  .66929 

1  7 

50 

=  .01339 

42 

5  0 

=.03307 

18 

=  .70866 

1  8 

5(5 

=  .01417 

4  3 

5  0 

=  .03386 

19 

=  .74803 

1  9 

50 

=.01496 

44 

.'0 

=  .03465 

20 

=  .78740 

20 

5  0 

=  .01575 

4  5 

5  0' 

=  .03543 

21 

=  .82677 

2  1 

50 

=  .01654 

4  rt 

50 

=  .03622 

22 

=  .86614 

2  2 

5(T 

=  .01732 

4  7 

50 

=  .03701 

23 

=  .90551 

2  3 

5o 

=.01811 

4  8 

5  0 

=  .03780 

24 

=  .94488 

2  4 

5(5 

=  .01890 

49 

5  0 

=  .03858 

25 

=  .98425 

2  5 

50 

=.01969 

1 

=  .03937 

26 

=  1.02362 

10  Mm.  =  1  Centimeter  =  0.3937  Inches. 
10  Cm.  =  1  Decimeter  =  3.937  Inches. 
10  Dm.  =  1  Meter  =  39.37  Inches. 

25.4  Mm.  =  1  Englisli  Inch. 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


A  Convenient  Metric  Conversion  Table 

Millimeters  X  .03937  =  inches. 

Millimeters  25.4  =  inches. 

Centimeters  X  .3937  =  inches. 

Centimeters  2.64  =  inches. 

Meter  =  39.37  inches.  (Act  of  Congress). 

Meters  X  3.281  =  feet. 

Meters  X  1.094  =  yards. 

Kilometers  X  .621  =  miles. 

Kilometers  X  3280.7  =  feet. 

Square  Millimeters  X  .0155  =  square  inches. 

Square  Millimeters  -r-  645.1  =  square  inches. 

Square  Centimeters  X  .155  =  square  inches. 

Square  Centimeters  ^  6.451  =  square  inches. 

Square  Meters  X  10.764  =  square  feet. 

Square  Kilometers  X  247.1  =  acres. 

Hectares  X  2.471  =  acres. 

Cubic  Centimeters  ^  16.383  =  cubic  inches. 

Cubic  Meters  X  35.315  =  cubic  feet. 

Cubic  Meters  X  1.308  =  cubic  yards. 

Cubic  Meters  X  264.2  =  gallons.  (231  cubic  inches). 

Liters  X  61.022  =  cubic  inches.  (Act  of  Congress). 

Liters  X  .2642  =  gallons.  (231  cubic  inches). 

Liters  3.78  =  gallons.  (231  cubic  inches). 

Liters  28316  =  cubic  feet. 

Grammes  X  15.432  =  grains.  (Act  of  Congress). 

Grammes  (water)  h-  29.57  =  fluid  ounces. 

Grammes  -r-  28.35  =  ounces  avoirdupois. 

Grammes  per  cubic  cent.  -^27.7  =  pounds  per  cubic  inch. 

Joule  X  .7373  =  foot  pounds. 

Kilograms  X  2.2046  =  pounds. 

Kilograms  X  35.3  =  ounces  avoirdupois. 

Kilograms  ^  1102.3  =  tons.  (2000  pounds). 

Kilograms  per  square  cent.  X  14.223  pounds  per  square  inch. 
Kilowatts  X  1.35  =  horse  power. 

Watts  -T-  746  =  horse  power. 

Calorie  X  3.968  =  B.  T.  U. 

Cheval  vapeur  X  .9863  =  horse  power. 

(Centigrade  X  1.8)  +  32  =  degrees  Fahrenheit. 

Francs  X  .193  =  dollars. 


162 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Algebraic  and  Arithmetical  Signs 
Used  in  Calculations 


X  signifies  the  ratio  of  the  circumference  of  circle  to  its  diameter  =  8.1416. 
=  equal  to,  as  12  inches  =  1  foot  or  2  added  to  5  =  7. 

+  plus,  signifies  addition,  as  4  +  6  =  10. 

—  minus,  signifies  subtracting,  as  15  —  5  =  10. 

X  multiplied  by,  signifies  multiplications,  as  8  X  0  =  72. 

H-  divided  by,  signifies  division,  as  16  -e-  4  =  4. 

Division  is  also  indicated  by  placing  the  dividend  above  a  short  line  and 
the  divisor  below  it;  thus; 

Dividend  10  _  ^ 

Divisor  5 

V  Signifies  that  the  square  root  of  the  number  or  symbol  to  which  it  is 
prefixed  is  required,  as  \  16  =  4. 

That  the  cube  root  is  required;  27  =  8. 

y  That  the  fourth  root  is  required;  y  81  =  3. 

5^  Signifies  that  5  is  to  be  squared;  =  25. 

5^  Signifies  that  5  is  to  be  cubed;  5^  =  125. 

—  Vinculum  or  bar,  signifies  that  the  numbers  of  symbols  over  which  it  is 

placed  are  to  be  taken  together,  as  3  +  6  X  5  =  45. 

.  Decimal  point,  as  .1  =  1  10;  1.4  =  1  4  10. 

( )  Parentheses,  signifies  that  all  the  numbers  or  symbols  between  are  to  be 
taken  as  if  they  were  only  one. 

"  Signifies  degrees,  minutes  and  seconds. 

:  Signifies  proportion,  as  2:  4:  8:  16:,  that  is,  2  is  to  4  as  8  is  to  16. 


168 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Iron,  Steel  and  Other  Metals 

STEEL  is  a  compound  of  iron  and  carbon,  varying  in  proportion  of 
0.5  per  cent  to  5  per  cent  of  carbon.  Specific  gravity  7.8 ;  tensile 
strength,  120,000  lbs.  per  square  inch.  Ordinary  steel  is  carbon  steel, 
but  steely  compounds  of  iron  have  been  produced  which  have  the  same 
general  properties  as  ordinary  steel,  the  carbon  of  which  is  replaced  by 
other  chemical  elements. 

To  test  steel  and  iron: 

Nitric  acid  will  produce  a  black  spot  on  steel;  the  darker'  the  spot, 
the  harder  the  steel.  Iron,  on  the  contrary,  remains  bright  if  touched 
with  nitric  acid.  Good  steel  in  its  soft  state  has  a  curved  fracture  and  a 
uniform  gray  lustre ;  in  its  hard  state  a  dull,  silvery  uniform  white. 
Cracks,  threads  or  sparkling  particles  denote  bad  quality. 

Good  steel  will  not  hear  a  white  heat  without  falling  into  pieces,  and 
will  crumble  under  the  hammer  at  a  bright  red  heat,  while  at  a  middling 
heat  it  may  be  drawn  out  under  the  hammer  to  a  fine  point. 

Light  iron  indicates  impurity. 

Heaviest  steel  contains  least  carbon. 

Notes  on  the  Working  of  Steel 

Good  soft  heat  is  safe  to  use  if  steel  be  immediately  and  thoroughly 
worked.  It  is  a  fact  that  good  steel  will  endure  more  pounding  than 
any  iron. 

If  steel  he  left  long  in  the  fire  it  will  lose  its  steely  nature  and  grain, 
and  partake  of  the  nature  of  cast  iron. 

Steel  should  never  be  kept  hot  any  longer  than  is  necessary  for  the 
work  to  be  done. 

Steel  is  entirely  mercurial  under  the  action  of  heat,  and  a  careful 
study  will  show  that  there  must  of  necessity  be  an  injurious  internal 
strain  created  whenever  two  or  more  parts  of  the  same  piece  are  sub¬ 
jected  to  different  temperatures. 

It  follows  that  when  steel  has  been  subjected  to  heat  not  absolutely 
uniform  over  the  whole  mass,  careful  annealing  should  be  resorted  to. 

As  the  change  of  volume  due  to  a  degree  of  heat  increases  directly 
and  rapidly  with  the  quantity  of  carbon  present,  therefore,  high  steel  is 
more  liable  to  dangerous  internal  strains  than  low  steel,  and  great  care 
should  be  exercised  in  the  use  of  high  steel. 

Hot  steel  should  always  be  put  in  a  perfectly  dry  place  of  even  tem¬ 
perature  while  cooling.  A  wet  place  in  the  floor  might  be  sufficient  to 
cause  serious  injury. 

Be  careful  not  to  overdo  the  annealing  process;  if  carried  too  far  it 
does  great  harm,  and  it  is  one  of  the  commonest  modes  of  destruction 
which  the  steel  maker  meets  in  his  daily  troubles.  It  is  hard  to  induce 
the  average  worker  in  steel  to  believe  that  very  little  annealing  is  neces¬ 
sary,  and  that  a  very  little  is  really  more  efficacious  than  a  great  deal. 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


The  breaking  strain  of  iron  and  steel  does  not  (as  hitherto 
assumed)  indicate  the  quality.  A  high-breaking  strain  may  be  due  to 
hard,  unyielding  character,  or  a  low  one  may  be  due  to  extreme 
softness.  The  contraction  of  area  at  the  fracture  forms  an  essential 
element  in  estimating  the  quality. 

Iron  when  fractured  suddenly  produces  a  crystalline  fracture;  but 
if  gradually,  a  fibrous  fracture.  This  accounts  for  the  anomaly  in  the 
supposed  change  of  iron  from  a  fibrous  to  a  crystalline  character. 

Sudden  shoulders,  which  prevent  a  regular  elongation  of  fibre,  causes 
a  sudden  snap. 

Strength  of  steel  is  reduced  by  being  hardened  in  water;  but  both 
its  hardness  and  toughness  are  increased  by  being  hardened  in  oil. 
Iron  heated  and  suddenly  cooled  in  water  is  hardened  and  the  breaking 
strain  (if  gradually  applied)  is  increased,  but  it  is  more  likely  to  snap 
suddenly.  It  is  softened  and  its  breaking  strain  reduced  if  heated  and 
allowed  to  cool  gradually.  Iron,  if  brought  to  a  white  heat  is  injured 
if  it  be  not  at  the  same  time  hammered  or  rolled.  Case-hardening 
bolts  weaken  them. 

Foreign  Substances  in  Iron  and  Steel 

Silicon:  Is  generally  excluded  as  slag,  its  presence  makes  iron  hard 
and  brittle ;  but  up  to  .08%  it  will  do  no  harm,  provided  .3%  of  manganese 
is  present  with  it. 

Sulphur:  Makes  iron  and  steel  “red-short.” 

Phosphorous:  .5%  to  .8%  is  sufficient  to  produce  cold-shortness 
in  iron;  in  steel,  phosphorous  to  an  extent  of  .2%  does  not  affect  the 
working  or  hammering  of  steel. 

Manganese:  .5%  is  sufficient  to  make  iron  “cold-short;”  it  is 
valuable  in  iron  to  be  converted  into  steel. 

Arsenic:  Produces  red-shortness  in  iron,  but  is  valuable  in  chill¬ 
ing;  it  increases  the  hardness  in  steel  at  the  expense  of  toughness. 

Copper:  Renders  steel  red-short. 

Tungsten:  Renders  steel  hard  and  tenacious. 

Vanadium:  Improves  the  ductility  of  iron  for  wire-drawing. 

Carbon:  .25%  gives  malleable  iron;  .5%  gives  steel;  1.75%  gives 
the  limit  of  welding  steel;  2.0%  gives  the  lowest  limit  of  cast  iron. 


165 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Computing  Weight  of  Iron  and  Steel 

Cast  iron  is  17 times  heavier  than  ordinary  kiln-dried  wood,  used  in 
common  patterns. 

To  compute  the  weight  of  sheet  steel,  divide  the  thickness,  expressed  in 
thousandths,  by  25;  the  result  is  the  weight,  in  pounds,  per  square  foot. 

For  w'eight  of  sheet  brass,  add  11  per  cent. 

For  weight  of  sheet  copper,  add  10  per  cent. 

To  find  the  weight  of  round  iron,  per  foot  in  length,  square  the 
diameter,  expressed  in  quarter  inches  and  divide  by  6.  Thus,  a  rod 

weighs  5^  =  25;  25  ^  6  =  V/e  lbs.  per  foot. 

To  find  the  weight  of  scjuare  or  flat  iron,  per  yard  in  length,  multiply 
the  area  of  width  and  thickness  by  10.  Thus,  a  bar  2  X  ^  has  an  area  of  % 
square  inch,  and  weighs  ^  X  10  =  1%  lbs.  per  yard. 

To  find  the  tensile  strength  of  round  iron,  square  the  diameter  expressed 
in  t|uarters;  the  result  will  be  its  (tearing)  strength  (approximately)  in  tons. 
Thus,  a  rod  %"  in  diameter  will  sustain  one  ton;  f"  or  four  tons; 
nine  tons;  |  or  1",  sixteen  tons,  etc.  If  square,  and  same  thickness,  it  will 
bear  about  %  more;  hence,  a  bar  1"  scjuare  will  sustain  about  twenty  tons. 

The  average  weight  t)f  wrought  iron  is  480  lbs.  per  cubic  foot.  A  bar 
1"  square  and  3'  long  weighs,  therefore,  exactly  10  lbs.  Hence, 

To  find  the  sectional  area,  given  the  weight  per  foot—  multiply  by 

To  find  the  weight  per  foot,  given  the  sectional  area — multiply  by  J/-. 

The  weight  of  steel  is  two  per  cent  greater  than  that  of  wrought  iron. 


Weight  of  Castings  from  Patterns 


A  Pattern  Weighing 

One  Pound 

Made  of 

Will  Weigh  When 

Cast  In 

Cast  Iron 
Lbs. 

Zinc 

Lbs. 

Copper 

Lbs. 

Vellow 

Brass 

Lbs. 

Gun  Metal 
Lbs. 

Mahogany — Nassau . 

10.7 

10.4 

12.8 

12.2 

12.5 

‘‘  — ^Honduras... 

12.9 

12.7 

16.3 

14.6 

15. 

”  — Spanish  .... 

8.5 

8.2 

10.1 

9.7 

9.9 

Pine — Red . 

12.5 

12.1 

14.9 

14.2 

14.6 

“  — White . 

16.7 

16.1 

19.8 

19. 

19.5 

‘‘  — Yellow . 

14.1 

13.6 

16.7 

16. 

16.5 

Oak . 

9. 

8.6 

10.4 

10.1 

10.9 

Method  of  Computing  Weight  of  Iron  Castings 

Multiply  the  volume  of  the  finished  casting  in  cubic  inches  by  .201. 
Example;  Find  the  weight  of  a  cast  iron  plate  of  dimensions 
12”  X  24”  X  1”. 

12”  X  1”  =  12  cubic  inches.  =  Sectional  area. 

12”  X  24”  =  288  cubic  inches. =Volume  of  plate. 

288  X  .261  =  75.168  lbs.  =\Veight  of  plate. 


166 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


To  Convert  the  Weight  of 


Wrought  iron  into  cast  iron . multiply  by  0.928 

“  “  “  steel .  “  1.014 

“  “  “  zinc .  “  “  0.918 

“  “  “  brass .  “  “  1.082 

“  “  “  copper .  “  “  1.144 

“  “  “  lead .  “  “  1.468 

Specific  Gravities 

Cast  iron . Average  7.21 

Wrought  iron .  “  7.I8 

Cast  steel . “  7.85 

Bessemer  steel .  “  7,86 


Metals 


Weight  of  a  Superficial  Foot 

{.lONES  &  L.AUGHLIN) 


Thick¬ 

ness 

Inch 

W.  Iron 
Lbs. 

C.  Iron 
Lbs. 

Steel 

Lbs. 

Copper 

Lbs. 

Brass 

Lbs. 

Lead 

Lbs. 

Zinc 

Lbs. 

tV 

2.63 

2.34 

2.55 

2.89 

2.73 

3.71 

2.34 

yi 

5.05 

4.69 

5.10 

5.78 

5.47 

7.42 

4.69 

I'V 

7.58 

7.03 

7.66 

8.67 

8.20 

11.13 

7.03 

X 

10.10 

9.38 

10.21 

11.56 

10.94 

14.83 

9.38 

tV 

12.63 

11.72 

12.76 

14.45 

13.67 

18.64 

11.72 

y% 

15.16 

14.06 

15.31 

17.34 

16.41 

22.25 

14.06 

17.68 

16.41 

17.87 

20.23 

19.14 

25.96 

16.41 

20.21 

18.75 

20.42 

23.13 

21.88 

29.67 

18.75 

H 

25.27 

23.44 

25.52 

28.91 

27.34 

37.08 

23.44 

K 

30.31 

28.13 

30.63 

30.69 

32.81 

44.60 

28.13 

% 

36.37 

32.81 

36.73 

40.47 

38.28 

51.92 

32.81 

1 

40.42 

37.50 

40.83 

46.25 

43.75 

59.33 

37.50 

“Cent. 

opahr. 

210 

410 

221 

430 

256 

493 

261 

502  1 

370 

680  \ 

500 

932  [ 

525 

) 

977 

700 

1292 

800 

1472 

900 

1657 

1000 

1832 

1100 

2012 

1200 

2192 

1300 

2372 

1400 

2552 

1500 

2732  ) 

1600 

2912  3 

Color  Effect  of  Heat  on  Iron 

(Pouillet) 


Pale  yellow. 

Dull  yellow. 

Crimson. 

Violet,  purple  and  dull  blue;  between  261  and  370  C.  it  passes  to  bright 
blue,  to  sea  green  and  then  disappears. 

Commences  to  be  covered  with  a  light  coating  of  oxide;  loses  a  good 
deal  of  its  hardness;  becomes  a  good  deal  more  impressible  to  the 
hammer,  and  can  be  twisted  with  ease. 

Becomes  nascent  red. 

Sombre  red. 

Nascent  cherry. 

Cherry. 

Bright  cherry. 

Dull  orange. 

Bright  orange. 

White. 

Brilliant  white,  welding  heat. 

Dazzling  white. 


Tempering  of  Steel 

Colors  Corresponding  to  Temperatures 

(Haswell) 


“Cent. 

221 

“Fahr. 

4.30 

P'aint  yellow. 

“Cent. 

304 

“Fahr. 

580 

Polish  blue. 

238 

460 

Straw  color. 

316 

600 

Dark  blue. 

243 

470 

Dark  straw. 

400 

752 

Bright  red  in  the  dark. 

277 

530 

Purple. 

474 

884 

Red  hot  in  twilight. 

289 

5.50 

Blue. 

581 

1077 

Red,  visible  by  day. 

293 

560 

Full  blue. 

167 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Tempering  of  Tools 

(Rose  and  Kent) 


Following  list  of  tools  is  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  color  scale  as  it 
appears  on  bright  steel  when  heated  in  air; 


Scrapers  for  brass.  Very  pale  yellow. 

Hand  plane  irons. 

Steel  engraving  tools.  430°  F. 

Twist  drills. 

Slight-turning  tools 

Flat  drills  for  brass. 

Hammer  faces. 

Wood-boring  cutters. 

Planer  tools  for  steel. 

Drifts. 

Ivory-cutting  tools. 

Coppersmith’s  tools. 

Light  purple 

Planer  tools  for  iron. 

Edging  cutters. 

o 

o 

CO 

Paper  cutters. 

Augers. 

Wood-engraving  tools. 

Dental  and  surgical  instruments. 

Bone-cutting  tools. 

Cold  chisels  for  steel. 

Dark  purple 

Milling  cutters.  Straw  yellow. 

Axes. 

550°  F. 

Wire-drawing  dies.  460°  F. 

Gimlets. 

Boring  cutters. 

Cold  chisels  for  cast  iron. 

Leather-cutting  dies. 

Saws  for  bone  and  ivory. 

Screw-cutting  dies. 

Needles. 

Inserted  saw  teeth. 

Firmer  chisels. 

Taps. 

Hack  saws. 

Rock  drills. 

Framing  chisels. 

Chasers. 

Cold  chisels  for  wrought  iron. 

Punches  and  dies. 

Moulding  and  planing  cutters. 

Penknives. 

Circular  saws  for  metals. 

Reamers. 

Screw  drivers. 

Half-round  bits. 

Springs. 

Planing  and  moulding  Brown  yellow. 

Saws  for  wood. 

Dark  blue 

cutters.  500°  F. 

570°  F. 

Stone-cutting  tools. 

Pale  blue 

Gauges. 

610°  F. 

Blue-green, 

630°  F. 

Suitable  Temperatures  for 


Annealing  steel .  900-1300°  F 

“  malleable  iron  (furnace  iron) .  1200-1400  F 

“  “  “  (cupola  iron) .  1500-1700  F 

“  glass  (initial  temperature) .  950  F 

Working  “  1200-1475  F 

Melting  “  (into  a  fluid) .  2200  F 

Hardening  tool  steel .  1200-1400  F 

Case-hardening  iron  and  soft  steel .  1300-1500  F 

Core  ovens  in  foundries .  350  F 

Drying  kilns  for  wood .  300  F 

Baking  white  enamel,  )  ( .  150  F 

“  red  and  green  enamel,  [  Bicycle  paint,  < .  250  F 

“  black  enamel,  J  ( .  300  F 

Vulcanizing  rubber .  295  F 

Galvanizing .  800  F 

Tinning .  500  F 

Burning  pottery .  2350  F 

“  brick .  1800  F 

“  fire  brick .  2450  F 


168 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Melting-Points  of  Lead 

(Kent) 


Tin  Alloys 


°Cent. 

opahr. 

C 

Cent.  ° 

Fahr. 

1 

Tin, 25  Lead 

. 292 

558 

11  Tin,  1  Lead . 

00 

334 

1 

“  10  “ 

. 283 

541 

2  “  1  “  fine  solder. 

..171 

340 

1 

“  5  “ 

. 266 

511 

3  “  1  “  . 

..180 

356 

1 

“  3  “ 

. 260 

482 

4  “  1  “  . 

. .  185 

365 

1 

“  2  “ 

cheap  solder.  .227 

441 

5  “  1  “  . 

. .  192 

378 

1 

ti  2 

c’mm’n  solder  188 

370 

6  “  1  “  . 

..194 

381 

Melting-Points  of  Solders 

(Kent) 


Parts 

Description 

H 

Lead 

Gold 

Silver 

Copper 

Brass 

Zinc 

1 

Nickel  ! 

Bismuth 

Melting-Points 

Common  solder 

Fine  solder. . . . 

Cheap  solder  . . 

1 

1 

. 188°  C..  370°  F. 

2 

1 

. 171  “  340  “ 

1 

2 

. 227  “  441  “ 

14 

6 

4 

f7nld  solder 

Gold  solder,  for 
14-rarat  gold 

25 

25 

121 

70 

1 

Silver  solder. . . 

t(  u 

11/2 

7 

)■  Undetermined 

146 

73 

4 

German  S. 
solder . 

38 

54 

8 

1 

100 

5 

280-300°  C.,  536-572  F. 

Novel’s  solder 

100 

5 

280-300  “  536-572  “ 

for  j 

1000 

10-16 

350-450  “  662-842  “ 

Aluminum 

1000 

10-15 

350-450  “  662-842  “ 

Novel’s  solder 
for  Aluminum 
bronze 

900 

100 

2-3 

Undetermined 

Melting-Point  of  Fusible  Plugs 

(Haswell) 


2 

Tin, 

2  Lead. . . 

. .  .Soften 

at  185°  C. 

=  365°  F., 

melt  at  189°  C. 

=  372°  F 

2 

U 

6  “  . . . 

<< 

189  “ 

372  “ 

“  195  “ 

383  “ 

2 

<( 

7  “  . . . 

192  “ 

377/  “ 
395/  “ 

“  197  “ 

388  “ 

2 

n 

8  “  . . . 

u 

202  “ 

“  209  “ 

408  “ 

169 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Fusing-Point  and  Character  of  Metals 

(By  Dr.  Jules  Ohly,  Denver,  Col.) 


Metals 

Melts 

°Fahr. 

Specific 

Gravity 

Color 

Character 

Elec. 
Cond. 
Silver  100 

Value 
per  Oz. 

Lbs. 

Weight 

per 

Cu.  In. 

Aluminium . . . 

1167 

2.56 

Blue  white  . . 

Malleable 

63.00 

$  0.03 

.0924 

Antimony .... 

842 

6.71 

Blue  white  . . 

Brittle  . . . 

3.69 

.01 

.2424 

Arsenic . 

Vapor- 

5.67 

Steel  gray  . . 

Brittle  . . . 

4.90 

.06 

.2048 

Barium . 

2192 

3.75 

Pale  yellow  . 

Malleable 

30.61 

32.00 

.1365 

Bismuth . 

485 

9.80 

Gray  white. . 

Brittle  . . . 

1.40 

.10 

.3640 

Boron 

4500 

2.68 

Olive  green  . 

Hard  .... 

16.73 

.067 

Cadmium  .... 

570 

8.60 

Tin  white  . . . 

Malleable 

24.38 

.12 

.3107 

Capsinm 

78.8 

1.88 

Tin  white  .  . . 

Soft . 

20.00 

30.00 

.0679 

Calcium . 

1472 

1.57 

Yellow . 

Malleable 

21.77 

.50 

.0567 

(ierium . 

1246 

6.68 

White . 

Malleable 

15.75 

40.00 

.2413 

Chromium  . . . 

4000 

6.80 

Gray  white . . 

Brittle  .  .  . 

16.00 

.05 

.2457 

Cobalt . 

2932 

8.50 

Pink  white  .. 

Malleable 

16.93 

.10 

.3071 

Copper  . 

1029 

8.82 

Pink  red  .... 

Malleable 

97.61 

.01 

.3186 

Didymium  . . . 

1346 

6.54 

Gray . 

Malleable 

4.32 

72.00 

.2363 

Erbium . 

1223 

4.97 

Dark  gray  .  . 

Malleable 

31.60 

62.00 

.1794 

Gallium . 

86.1 

5.90 

Silver  white. 

Malleable 

34.51 

200.00 

.2130 

Germanium  . . 

1678 

5.47 

Gray  white. . 

Brittle  . . . 

15.07 

96.00 

.1975 

Glucinum  .... 

1798 

1.70 

Silver  white. 

Malleable 

31.13 

80.00 

.0748 

Gold . 

1913 

19.32 

Yellow . 

Malleable 

76.61 

20.00 

.6979 

Indium . 

349 

7.42 

White . 

Malleable 

26.98 

72.00 

.2681 

Iridium . 

3217 

22.42 

White . 

Malleable 

13.52 

10.00 

.8099 

Iron,  pure. . . . 

2912 

7.02 

White . 

Malleable 

14.57 

o.A 

.2840 

Lanthanum  .  . 

1318 

6.20 

White . 

Malleable 

47.07 

80.5o 

.2240 

Lead . 

618 

11.37 

Blue  white  . . 

Soft . 

8.42 

•X 

.4108 

Lithium  . 

356 

0.59 

White . 

Malleable 

18.68 

64.00 

.0213 

Magnesium  . . 

1200 

1.74 

Blue  white  . . 

Malleable 

39.44 

.18 

.0629 

Manganese  . . 

3452 

8.00 

Gray  white . . 

Brittle  . . . 

15.75 

.07 

.2890 

Mercury . 

39 

13.59 

Blue  white  . . 

Fluid  .... 

1.76 

.03 

.4909 

Molybdenum. 

4000 

8.80 

Silver  white  . 

Brittle  . . . 

17.60 

.08 

.3107 

Nickel . 

2912 

8.80 

Yellow  white 

Malleable 

12.89 

.03 

.3179 

Niobium . 

3978 

6.27 

Steel  gray. . . 

Malleable 

5.13 

109.72 

.2265 

Osmium . 

4532 

22.48 

White  blue  . 

Malleable 

13.98 

23.53 

.8121 

Palladium. . . . 

2732 

11.50 

White . 

Malleable 

12.00 

8.00 

.4100 

Platinum  .... 

3227 

21.50 

White . 

Malleable 

14.43 

25.00 

.7767 

Potassium .... 

144 

0.87 

Blue  white  . . 

Soft . 

19.62 

.20 

.0314 

Rhodium  .... 

3632 

12.10 

White . 

Brittle  .  . . 

12.61 

40.00 

.4371 

Rubidium .... 

101 

1.62 

White . 

Soft . 

20.46 

88.00 

.0649 

Ruthenium  .. 

8272 

12.26 

White . 

Brittle  . . . 

13.22 

56.00 

.4429 

Silver . 

1733 

10.53 

White . 

Malleable 

1.00 

.66 

.3805 

Silicum . 

3118 

2.33 

Gray  black.  . 

Brittle  . . . 

.04 

2.02 

.0841 

Sodium . 

194 

0.97 

Blue  white  . . 

Soft . 

31.98 

.20 

.0350 

Strontium  .... 

1472 

2.68 

Pale  yellow  . 

Malleable 

6.60 

40.00 

.0918 

Steel  . 

2532 

7.85 

White . 

Malleable 

12.00 

■Vz 

.2837 

Tantalum  .... 

4300 

10.80 

Steel  gray  . . 

Malleable 

64.(i3 

10i!21 

.3902 

Tellurium .... 

977 

6.25 

White . 

Brittle  . . . 

.0007 

6.00 

.2250 

Thallium  .... 

560 

11.85 

White . 

Soft . 

9.13 

40.00 

.4281 

Thorium . 

1100 

11.10 

White . 

Brittle  . . . 

8.60 

160.00 

.4000 

Tin . 

44(i 

7.29 

Silver  white . 

Malleable 

14.39 

.02 

.2634 

Titanium  .... 

4400 

5.30 

Iron  gray  . . . 

Malleable 

13.73 

50.00 

.li)15 

Tungsten  .... 

4000 

17.60 

White . 

Brittle  . . . 

14.00 

.04 

.6!»00 

Uranium . 

1650 

18.70 

Steel  white. . 

Malleable 

16.47 

76.00 

.6755 

Vanadium  . . . 

4278 

5.50 

Silver  white. 

Malleable 

4.95 

80.00 

.1987 

Yttrium . 

1250 

Yellow  white 

Brittle  . . . 

30.11 

94.41 

.2047 

Zinc . 

779 

7.15 

Blue  white  . . 

Malleable 

29.57 

•X 

.2479 

Zirconium  .  .  . 

3000 

4.15 

Gray  white . . 

Brittle  . . . 

.06 

40.00 

.1499 

170 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Temperature  Chart 

Illustrating  an  exaggerated  thermometer  scale  on  which  is  shown  the 
principal  melting  and  freezing  points  and  other  important  metallurgical 
temperatures. 


CENTIGRADE  . 

OXY-MVDBOeENl _ 

FLAME  ,'2000 


eucTRic  lampI  „ 

FILAMENT  isoo-g 


1710 


noo-  = 


rUREIRON/lSOO - ISO- 

S  TO  ISOOLiso. 

STEELorl-3-A  1450 _ -g 

CF  CARBON  (^1425 - 


r  :  -2700 


LIGHT 

VELLOW  MEA7/1 100-1084.  ‘J 
1065“ 

FULL  j*®®® - " 

YELLOW  MEAT!  _  _  361  — 

(_8S0. - - - 

U3NT  RED  NEAT']  ” 

SCALING  HEAt/8S0 - 

CRITICAL  POINT  A' 730 
IN  STEEL  OF -2  TO  , 

I  2-4  CARBON.  loooi-"«:^« 
FULL  C«EHRY"'7oo  Uo 
RtO  HEAT 

DULL  RED  HEATfeaS— 633 
i  630 

RED  HEAT 

JUST  visibleI?‘* - 


•  =  g-a«00 


\_i 


180  - 

WATER  BOILING  POINT  IOO_.oo-^ 
95- 
44” 

^  FREEZING  POINT — 0-0-1 
-39 _ ^ 

LOWEST  NATURAlI-62  - •’ 

TEMPERATURE^  -»oo 


•I82r 

LOWEST  TEMPERATURE  “267- 
ABSOLUTE  -273' 


PAHRENHEIT. 


_ 3632 


(RHODIUM  8t 


-3600  IVANADIOM 
354S  IRIDIUM 


,2732  PALLADIUM 
.2642  NICKEL 


>2273  manganese 


}i222l9e3  COPPER 
jl949  GOLD 

3 

-1762  SILVER 


CENTIGRADE 


5000* 


Tttc  Ficune  CivcN  i6  the 

COWrCST  PUBLISHED  ESTIMATE 
or  THE  SUNS  TEmPCPATURE 


4000- 


ELECTRIC  3600 
CALCIUM 


carbide; 


3300  — 


3000- 


2275  . 
22S0  • 


_,^OoI2<5ALUM1NIUM 
1172  MAGNESIUM 
00 1 166  ANTIMONY 

000 

*^833  SULPHURfB.P) 
f—824  TELLURIUM 
^^786  ZINC 
_^oo,67s  meRCURY(B.P) 
^^62i  LEAD 
-600’6i2  CADMIUM 
^511  BISMUTH 
- 4S0  TIN 

400 

- 356  LITHIUM 

300 

[^7^2I20F  water 
203  SODIUM 
PHOSPHORUS 
tn— 32  OF  WATER 

P:L-38  mercury 
-^oo  -eo  YET  recorded 
-200 

-300-296 LIQUID  AtR(Bi») 

-aoo.A4r{yET  reached 

- '^1  (DEWAR) 

^-460  ZERO 


OXV-HYOROGEN^^^.4^ 
FLAME  J-ZOOOiooe 

•  900 

ELECTRIC  lamp':  . 

FILAMENT  yi800'a<io 


17 1 0 1700 
600  icoo 


PURE  IRON 
STEEL  OF  i-ay.]'*'®  ‘SFF 
OFCAFIBON  (1425 


1*0  O' 
(SCO 
1200 
»084,.oo 
1065 

lOOO 

961 

900 

BOO 

€57  ’°o 
600 
500 

419  4^0 
327 

PB— .  300 

232 

200 

BOILING  POlNT_,oo 
freezing  point — 0 
-•00 


temperature^ 
absolute -273 


-  8000 


-7000 


FAHRENHEIT 


9000® 

OTMCn  eSTIMATES  VARV 
•  ETWCCN  6000*c  A  7COO*  C. 


6500:^1^  ARC 
-  6000  FURNACE 


5000 


■  4130  TANTALUM 
<4080  MAGNESIA 


3«M> 

3S0C 

3H)0 

3500 

7200 

3100  3110  PLATINUM 

3060 
2900 
}-2S00 
27  00 
2600 
•2500 
2*00 
2300 
2200 
ZJOO 
•2000 
1900 
.tsoo 

.1700 
1600 
•500 
AOO 
->300 
1200 
•iico 


1983  COPPER 
1949  GOLD 
I7G2  SILVER 


3 12i5  ALUMINIUM 


766  ZINC 
G2I  LEAD 
450  TIN 
212  OF  WATER 
-32  OF  WATER 

•296UQUiD  AIRl  0  PI 

reached 

(DEWAR) 

460  ZERO 


Courtesy  of  the  “Industrial  World*' 


171 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Workshop  Recipes 

Parting  Sand 

Burnt  sand  scraped  from  tlie  surface  of  castings. 

Loam 

Mixture  of  brick,  clay  and  old  foundry  sand. 

Blacking  for  Moulds 

Charcoal  powder ;  or,  in  some  instances,  fine  coal  dust. 

Black  Wash 

Charcoal,  plumbago  and  size. 

Mixture  for  Welding  Steel 

1  sal-amomac. 

10  borax. 

Pounded  together  and  fused  until  clear,  when  it  is  poured  out,  and, 
after  cooling,  reduced  to  powder. 

Rust-Joint  Cement 
(Quickly  Setting) 

1  sal-amoniac  in  powder  (by  weight). 

2  flour  of  sulphur. 

80  iron  borings,  made  to  a  paste  with  water. 

Rust-Joint  Cement 

(Slowly  Setting) 

2  sal-amoniac. 

1  flour  of  sulphur. 

200  iron  borings. 

The  latter  cement  is  the  best  if  the  joint  is  not  reciuired  for  im¬ 
mediate  use. 

Red-Lead  Cement  for  Faced-Joints 

1  white  lead. 

1  red  lead,  mixed  with  linseed  oil  to  the  proper  consistency. 

Case-Hardening 

Place  horn,  hoof,  bone-dust,  or  shreds  of  leather  together  with  the 
article  to  be  case-hardened,  in  an  iron  box  subject  to  a  blood  red  heat, 
then  immerse  the  article  in  cold  water. 

Case-Hardening  with  Prussiate  of  Potash 

Heat  the  article  after  polishing  to  a  bright  red,  rub  the  surface  over 
with  prussiate  of  potash,  allow  it  to  cool  to  dull  red,  and  immerse  it 
in  water. 

Case-Hardening  Mixtures 

3  prussiate  of  potash. 

1  sal-amoniac, 
or 

1  prussiate  of  potash. 

2  sal-amoniac. 

2  hone  dust. 

Fluxes  for  Soldering  or  Welding 


Iron  or  steel . Borax  or  sal-amoniac. 

Tin  iron . Resin  or  chloride  of  zinc. 

Copper  and  brass . Sal-amoniac  or  chloride  of  zinc. 

Zinc . Chloride  of  zinc. 

Lead . Tallow  or  resin. 

Lead  and  tin  pipes . Resin  and  sweet  oil. 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Brazing 

The  edges  hied  or  scraped  clean  and  bright,  covered  with  spelter  and 
powdered  borax,  and  exposed  in  a  clear  fire  to  a  heat  sufficient  to  melt 
the  solder. 


Glue  Cement  to  Resist  Moisture 


1  glue  . 

1  black  resin  . 

%  red  ochre,  or 
4  of  glue  or  1  oxide  of  iron. . 
1  of  boiled  oil  (by  weight) . . 


>  Mixed  with  least  possible  (luantity  of  water. 

I 

J  . 


Glue  to  Resist  Moisture 

One  pound  of  glue  melted  in  two  quarts  of  skimmed  milk. 


Marine  Glue 

One  of  Indian  rubber,  12  of  mineral  naphtha,  or  coal  tar.  Heat  gently, 
mix,  and  add  plenty  of  powdered  shellac.  Pour  out  on  a  slab  to  cool. 
When  used,  to  be  heated  to  about  250°. 

A  Solvent  for  Rust.  It  is  often  very  difficult  and  sometimes  im¬ 
possible  to  remove  rust  from  articles  made  of  iron.  Those  which  are 
most  thickly  coated  are  most  easily  cleaned  by  being  immersed  in  a  solu¬ 
tion,  until  saturated,  of  chloride  of  tin.  The  length  of  time  they  remain  in 
this  bath  is  determined  by  tbe  thickness  of  the  coating  of  rust.  Generally 
12  to  24  hours  is  long  enough.  The  solution  ought  not  to  contain  a  great 
excess  of  acid,  if  the  iron  itself  be  not  attacked.  On  taking  them  from 
the  bath  the  articles  are  rinsed,  first  in  water,  then  in  ammonia,  and 
quickly  dried.  The  iron,  when  thus  treated,  has  the  appearance  of 
dull  silver.  A  simple  polishing  gives  it  its  normal  appearance. 

To  Remove  Rust  from  Steel.  Brush  the  rusted  steel  with  a  paste 
composed  of  one-half  ounce  of  cyanide  of  potassium,  one-half  ounce 
castile  soap,  one  ounce  whiting,  and  enough  water  to  make  a  paste. 
Then  wash  the  steel  in  a  solution  of  one-half  ounce  cyanide  of  potas¬ 
sium  in  two  ounces  of  water. 

To  Preserve  Steel  from  Rust.  One  caoutchouc,  sixteen  turpen¬ 
tine.  Dissolve  with  a  gentle  heat,  then  add  eight  parts  boiled  oil.  Mix 
by  bringing  them  to  the  heat  of  boiling  water ;  apply  to  the  steel  with  a 
brush,  in  the  way  of  varnish.  It  may  be  removed  with  turpentine. 

To  Clean  Brass.  One  Roche  alum  and  16  water.  Mix.  The 
articles  to  be  cleaned  must  be  made  warm,  then  rubbed  with  the  above 
mixture,  and  finished  with  fine  tripoli. 

To  Make  Tight  Steam  Joints,  Etc.  Take  white  lead  ground  in  oil, 
incorporate  as  much  manganese  (black  oxide)  as  possible,  adding  a 
small  portion  of  litharge.  Knead  it  with  the  hand,  dusting  the  board 
with  red  lead.  The  mass  is  made  into  a  small  roll  and  laid  on  the 
plate,  first  oiling  the  plate  with  linseed  oil.  It  then  can  be  screwed 
and  pressed  into  position. 


173 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


The  Screw  and  Its  Power 

I  Kent) 

The  screw  is  an  inclined  plane  wrapped  around  a  cylinder  in  such  a 
way  that  the  height  of  the  plane  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  cylinder. 
If  the  screw  is  formed  upon  the  internal  surface  of  a  hollow  cylinder,  it  is 
usually  called  a  nut.  When  force  is  applied  to  raise  a  weight  or  over¬ 
come  a  resistance  by  means  of  a  screw  and  nut,  either  the  screw  or  the  nut 
may  be  fixed,  the  other  being  movable.  The  force  is  generally  applied  at 
the  end  of  a  wrench  or  lever-arm,  or  at  the  circumference  of  a  wheel. 
If  r  =  radius  of  the  wheel  or  lever-arm,  and  p  =pitch  of  the  screw,  or 
distance  between  threads  that  is,  the  height  of  the  inclined  plane,  for  one 
revolution  of  the  screw,  P  =  the  applied  force,  and  W  =  the  resistance 
overcome,  then,  neglecting  resistance  due  to  friction,  2XP  =  Wp; 
W  =:  6.283  Pr  -f-  p.  The  ratio  of  P  to  W  is  thus  independent  of  the 
diameter  of  the  screw.  In  actual  screws,  much  of  the  power  transmitted 
is  lost  through  friction. 

Decimals  of  an  Inch  for  each  l-64th 


Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

.015625 

3  3 

.515625 

I 

.03125 

.53125 

3 

.046875 

. 

3.5 

.546875 

1 

.0625 

9 

.5625 

5 

.078125 

3X 

.578125 

3 

.09375 

....  . . 

19 

.59375 

7 

.109375 

32  ........... 

39 

.609375 

.125 

64  . . 

%  . 

.625 

. 

9 

.140625 

4  1 

.640625 

5 

.15625 

2.1 

.65625 

1  1 

.171875 

II  . 

.671875 

X  . 

.1875 

1  1 

.6875 

1  3 

.203125 

45 

.703125 

7 

.21875 

. . 

14 

.71875 

1  5 

.234375 

4  7 

.734375 

.250 

ji  . 

.75 

.265625 

li . 

.765625 

. 

_9 

.28125 

2^ 

.78125 

1  9 

.296875 

.786875 

5 

.3125 

. 

13 

.8125 

.328125 

u  . 

.828125 

1  1 

.34375 

14  . 

.84375 

2  3 

.359375 

.859375 

.375 

ft  . 

.875 

2  5 

.390625 

n  . 

.890625 

1  3 

.40625 

2  9 

.90625 

2  7 

.421875 

H  . 

.921875 

.4375 

.9375 

2  9 

.453125 

. 

«1 

.953125 

1  5 

.46875 

bT  . 

3  1 

.96875 

U  . 

.484375 

.984375 

.500 

. 

.1 

. 

. 

174 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Screw-Threads,  Sellers  or  U.  S.  Standard 

In  1864  a  committee  of  the  Franklin  Institute  recommended  the  adop¬ 
tion  of  the  system  of  screw-heads  and  bolts  which  was  devised  by  Mr. 
William  Sellers,  of  Philadelphia.  This  same  system  was  subsequently 
adopted  as  tbe  standard  by  both  the  Army  and  Navy  Departments  of  the 
United  States  and  by  the  Master  Mechanics’  and  Master  Car  Builders’ 
Associations,  so  that  it  may  now  be  regarded,  and  in  fact  is  called,  the 
United  States  Standard. 

The  rule  given  by  Mr.  Sellers  for  proportioning  the  thread  is  as 
follows :  Divide  the  pitch,  or  what  is  the  same  thing,  the  side  of  the 
thread,  into  eight  equal  parts ;  take  off  one  part  from  the  top  and  fill  in 
one  part  in  the  bottom  of  the  thread ;  then  the  flat  top  and  bottom  will 
equal  one-eighth  of  the  pitch,  the  wearing  surface  will  be  three-quarters 
of  the  pitch  and  the  diameter  of  screw  at  bottom  of  thread  will  be 

expressed  by  the  formulas. 

T^.  ,  ,  ,  1.299 

Diameter  of  bolt  =  - ,  ,  .  , 

No.  threads  per  inch. 

For  a  sharp  V  thread  with  angle  of  60°  the  formula  is 

.  t  u  1  1.T33 

Diameter  ot  bolt  =  —  ,  ,  ,  .  , 

No.  of  threads  per  inch. 

The  angle  of  the  thread  in  the  Sellers  system  is  60°.  In  the  Whitworth 
or  English  system,  it  is  55°,  and  the  point  and  root  of  the  thread  are 
rounded. 

U.  S.  Standard  Threads  and  Nuts 


Short 
Diam.  of 
Nuts 

Long 

Diam. 

Hexigon 

Nuts 

Long 

Diam. 

Sq.  Nuts 

'A 

1  9 

3  2 

1  1 

n 

xi 

5  1 

y's 

1  0 
yy 

63 

,^y 

2  5 

A 

1  ? 

A 

1 

1  1  5 

3  1 

IX 

Iff 

lyV 

lA 

1/4 

IX 

lyV 

111 

lA 

m 

2yy 

IH 

IX 

01  9 

113 

^T6 

2A 

9  9 

2 

05  3 

2fV 

m 

3_3_ 

Vs  2 

2H 

23/ 

311 

03  1 

3X 

2X 

Q5  7 
^ffy 

2H 

pi 

4.  5 
^3  ^ 

3X 

4.2  7 

4yV 

44i 

3X 

K3  1 

4X 

A  2  9 

6 

4^ 

5X 

A1  7 

5 

Kl  3 

7  1 

5X 

m 

5X 

fifl 

8X 

7  3 
^3^ 

m 

Thickness 
of  Nuts 

Diam.  of 
Screw 

Thread 
per  Inc 

X 

X 

20 

y®6 

ys' 

18 

A 

X 

16 

y'y 

yV 

14 

A 

A 

13 

y? 

yV 

12 

X 

X 

11 

X 

X 

10 

A 

A 

9 

1 

1 

8 

IX 

IX 

7 

IX 

IX 

7 

IX 

IX 

6 

IX 

IX 

6 

IX 

IX 

6X 

IX 

IX 

5 

IX 

IX 

5 

2 

2 

4X 

2X 

2X 

4X 

2X 

2X 

4 

2X 

2X 

4 

3 

3 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3X 

3 

4 

4 

3 

Diam. 
at  Root 
of 

Thread 

.\rea  of 
Bolt  at 
Root  of 
Th  read 

.185 

.026 

.240 

.045 

.294 

.067 

.344 

.092 

.400 

.125 

.454 

.161 

.507 

.201 

.620 

.301 

.731 

.419 

.837 

.550 

.940 

.693 

1.065 

.890 

1.160 

1.056 

1.284 

1.294 

1.389 

1.515 

1.491 

1.746 

1.616 

2.051 

1.712 

2.301 

1.962 

3.023 

2.176 

3.718 

2.426 

4.622 

2.629 

5.428 

2.879 

6.599 

3.100 

7.547 

3.318 

8.641 

3.567 

9.993 

175 


00 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

SA 

36 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 


YTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Different  Standards 


Wire  Gauge  in  Use  in  the  United  States 


Dimensions  of  Sizes  in  Decimal  Parts  of  an  Inch 


American 

or 

Brown  & 
Sharpe 

Birming¬ 
ham  or 
Stub’s 
Wire 

Washburn- 
Moen  Mfg. 
Co., 

Worcester, 

Mass. 

Imperial 

Wire 

Gauge 

Stub’s 

Steel 

Wire 

U.  S. 
Standard 
for 

Plate 

.464 

.46876 

.432 

.4376 

.46 

.464 

.3938 

.400 

.40626 

.40964 

.426 

.3626 

.372 

.376 

.3648 

.38 

.3310 

.348 

.:34376 

.32486 

.34 

.3066 

.324 

.3126 

.2893 

.3 

.2830 

.300 

.227 

.28126 

.26763 

.284 

.2626 

.276 

.219 

.266626 

.22942 

.269 

.2437 

.262 

.212 

.26 

.20431 

.238 

.2263 

.232 

.207 

.234376 

.18194 

.22 

.2070 

.212 

.204 

.21876 

.16202 

.203 

.1920 

.192 

.201 

.203126 

.14428 

.18 

.1770 

.176 

.199 

.1876 

.12849 

.166 

.1620 

.160 

.197 

.171876 

.11443 

.148 

.1483 

.144 

.194 

.16626 

.10189 

.134 

.1360 

.128 

.191 

.140626 

.090742 

.12 

.1206 

.116 

.188 

.126 

.080808 

.109 

.1066 

.104 

.186 

.109376 

.071961 

.096 

.0916 

.092 

.182 

.09376 

.064084 

.083 

.0800 

.080 

.180 

.078126 

.067068 

.072 

.0720 

.072 

.178 

.0703126 

.06082 

.066 

.0626 

.064 

.176 

.0626 

.046267 

.068 

.0640 

.066 

.172 

.06626 

.040303 

.049 

.0476 

.048 

.168 

.06 

.03689 

.042 

.0410 

.040 

.164 

.04376 

.031961 

.036 

.0348 

.036 

.161 

.0376 

.028462 

.032 

.03176 

.032 

.167 

.034376 

.026347 

.028 

.0286 

.028 

.166 

.03126 

.022671 

.026 

.0268 

.024 

.163 

.028126 

.0201 

.022 

.0230 

.022 

.161 

.026 

.0179 

.02 

.0204 

.020 

.148 

.021876 

.01694 

.018 

.0181 

.018 

.146 

.01876 

.014196 

.016 

.0173 

.0164 

.143 

.0171876 

.012641 

.014 

.0162 

.0149 

.139 

.016626 

.011267 

.013 

.0160 

.0136 

.134 

.0140626 

.010026 

.012 

.0140 

.0124 

.127 

.0126 

.008928 

.01 

.0132 

.0116 

.120 

.0109376 

.00796 

.009 

.0128 

.0108 

.116 

.01016626 

.00708 

.008 

.0118 

.0100 

.112 

.009376 

.006304 

.007 

.0104 

.0092 

.110 

.00869376 

.006614 

.006 

.0096 

.0084 

.108 

.0078126 

.006 

.004 

.0090 

.0076 

.106 

.00703126 

.004463 

.0068 

.103 

.006640626 

.003966 

.0060 

.101 

.00626 

.003631 

.0062 

.099 

.003144 

.0048 

.097 

176 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


Table  of 

Circumference  and  Area  of  Circles 


Diam. 

Circum- 

.Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

.Area 

in 

ference 

in 

in 

ference 

in 

in 

ference 

in 

Inches 

in  Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

in  Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

in  Inches 

Inches 

1 

.785 

.049 

m 

42.411 

143.14 

26| 

84.037 

562.00 

1. 

1.570 

.196 

13f 

43.196 

148.49 

27 

84.823 

572.56 

3 

2.356 

.441 

14 

43.982 

153.94 

21  \ 

85.608 

583.21 

1 

3.141 

.785 

14f 

44.767 

159.48 

21  h 

86.393 

593.96 

\\ 

3.926 

1.227 

141 

45.553 

165.13 

27  f 

87.179 

604.81 

U 

4.712 

1.767 

14f 

46.338 

170.87 

28 

87.964 

615.75 

If 

5.497 

2.405 

15 

47.123 

176.71 

281 

88.750 

626.80 

2 

6.283 

3.141 

15f 

47.909 

182.65 

28? 

89.535 

637.94 

2i 

7.068 

3.976 

15i 

48.694 

188.69 

28f 

1»0.320 

649.18 

n 

7.853 

4.908 

15| 

49.480 

194.83 

29 

91.106 

660.52 

2| 

8.639 

5.939 

16 

50.265 

201.06 

29  ?j 

91.891 

671.96 

9.424 

7.068 

16f 

51.050 

207.39 

29  .V 

92.677 

683.49 

10.210 

8.295 

161 

51.836 

213.82 

29f 

93.462 

695.13 

sl 

10.995 

9.621 

16f 

52.621 

220.35 

30 

94.247 

706.86 

3| 

11.781 

11.045 

17 

53.407 

226.98 

301 

95.033 

718.69 

4 

12.566 

12.566 

171 

54.192 

233.71 

301 

96.818 

730.62 

41 

13.351 

14.186 

171 

54.977 

240.53 

30| 

96.604 

742.64 

41- 

14.137 

15.904 

17f 

55.763 

247.45 

31 

97.389 

754.77 

4| 

14.922 

17.721 

18 

56.548 

254.47 

31) 

98.174 

766.99 

5 

15.708 

19.635 

181 

57  334 

261.58 

31? 

98.960 

779.31 

61 

16.493 

21.648 

181 

58.119 

268.80 

31 1 

99.745 

791.73 

51 

17.278 

23.758 

18f 

58.904 

276.12 

32 

100.631 

804.25 

6| 

18.064 

25.967 

19 

59.690 

283.53 

32? 

101.316 

816.86 

6 

18.849 

28.274 

191 

60.475 

291.04 

32.1 

102.102 

829.58 

6| 

19.635 

30.680 

191 

61.261 

298.65 

32f 

102.887 

842.39 

61 

20.420 

33.183 

19f 

62.046 

306.36 

33 

103.673 

855.30 

6f 

21.205 

35.785 

20 

62.831 

314.16 

331 

104.458 

868.31 

7 

21.991 

38.485 

201 

63.617 

322.06 

331 

105.243 

881.41 

71 

22.776 

41.282 

20.1 

64.402 

330.06 

33| 

106.029 

894.62 

71 

23.561 

44.179 

20f 

65.188 

338.16 

34 

106.814 

907.92 

7| 

24.:347 

47.173 

21 

65.973 

346.36 

341 

107.600 

921.32 

s'" 

25.132 

50.265 

211 

66.758 

364.66 

34? 

108.385 

934.82 

8t 

25.918 

53.456 

2U 

67.544 

3()3.05 

34f 

109.170 

!)48.42 

81 

26.703 

56.745 

21f 

68.329 

371.54 

36 

109.956 

962.11 

8| 

27.488 

60.132 

22 

69.115 

380.13 

351 

110.741 

975.91 

9 

28.274 

63.617 

221 

69.900 

388.82 

351 

111.527 

989.80 

29.059 

67.201 

22i 

70.685 

397.61 

35f 

112.312 

1003.8 

91 

29.845 

70.882 

22f 

71.471 

406.49 

36 

113.097 

1017.9 

9| 

30.630 

74.662 

23 

72.256 

415.48 

361 

113.883 

1032.1 

10 

31.415 

78.540 

231 

73.042 

424.56 

361 

114.668 

1046.3 

lOi 

32.201 

82.516 

231 

73.827 

433.74 

36| 

115.454 

1060.7 

101 

32.986 

86.590 

23| 

74.612 

443.01 

37 

116.239 

1075.2 

io| 

33.772 

90.763 

24 

75.398 

452.39 

371 

117.024 

1089.8 

11 

34.557 

95.033 

24? 

76.183 

461.86 

371 

117.810 

1104.5 

111 

35.342 

99.402 

241 

76.969 

471.44 

37f 

118.596 

1119.2 

111 

36.128 

103.87 

24f 

77.754 

481.11 

38 

119.381 

1134.1 

Ilf 

36.913 

108.43 

25 

78.53‘) 

490.87 

381 

120.166 

1149.1 

12^ 

37.699 

113.10 

251 

79.325 

500.74 

381 

120.951 

1164.2 

121 

38.484 

117.86 

251 

80.110 

510.71 

38| 

121.737 

1179.3 

121 

39.269 

122.72 

25f 

80.896 

520.77 

39 

122.522 

1194.6 

12f 

40.055 

127.68 

81.681 

530,93 

391 

123.308 

1210.0 

13 

40.840 

132.73 

261 

82.466 

541.19 

391 

124.093 

1225.4 

131 

1  41.626 

1 

137.89 

261 

83.252 

551.55 

39f 

124.878 

1241.0 

177 


:ii 

Dial 

in 

nch 

40 

40 

40. 

40 

41 

41 

41 

41 

42 

42 

42 

42 

48 

48 

43 

48 

44 

44 

44 

44: 

46 

45 

45 

45: 

46 

46 

46: 

46 

47 

47 

47 

47 

48 

48 

48 

48 

49 

49 

49 

49 

50 

50 

50 

50 

51 

51 

61 

51 

52 

52 

52 

52 

58 


VERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Table  of 


Liinference  and  Area  of  Circles — Continued 


Circum¬ 
ference 
in  Inches 

.-Xrea 

in 

Inches 

Diani. 

in 

Inches 

Circum¬ 
ference 
in  Inches 

.“Xrea 

in 

Inches 

Diam. 

in 

Inches 

Circum¬ 
ference 
in  Inches 

-Xrea 

in 

Inches 

125.664 

1256.6 

53|: 

167.290 

2227.0 

66} 

208.916 

3473.2 

126.449 

1272.4 

63^ 

168.075 

2248.0 

66 1 

209.701 

3499.4 

127.235 

1288.2 

53| 

168.861 

2269.1 

67 

210.487 

3525.7 

128.020 

1304.2 

54 

169.646 

2290.2 

67} 

211.272 

3552.0 

128.805 

1320.3 

54} 

170.431 

2311.5 

67} 

212.058 

3578.5 

129.591 

1336.4 

544 

171.217 

2332.8 

67f 

212.843 

3605.0 

130.376 

1352.7 

54f 

172.002 

2354.3 

68 

213.628 

3631.7 

131.161 

1369.0 

55 

172.788 

2375.8 

68} 

214.414 

3658.4 

131.947 

1385.4 

55} 

173.573 

2397.5 

68} 

215.199 

3685.3 

132.732 

1402.0 

554 

174.358 

2419  2 

68| 

215.984 

3712.2 

133.518 

1418.6 

55| 

175.144 

2441.1 

69 

216.770 

3739.3 

134.303 

1436.4 

56 

175.929 

2463.0 

69} 

217.555 

3766.4 

135.088 

1452.2 

56} 

176.715 

2485.0 

69} 

218.341 

3793.7 

135.874 

1469.1 

564 

177.500 

2507.2 

69| 

219.126 

3821.0 

136.659 

1486.2 

564 

178.285 

2529.4 

70 

219.911 

3848.5 

137.445 

1503.3 

57 

175).071 

2551.8 

70} 

220.697 

3876.0 

138.230 

1620.5 

57} 

179.856 

2574.2 

70} 

221.482 

3903.6 

139.015 

1537.9 

574 

180.642 

2596.7 

70| 

222.268 

3931.4 

139.801 

1555.3 

57 1 

181.427 

2619.4 

71 

223.053 

3959.2 

140.586 

1572.8 

58 

182.212 

2642.1 

71} 

223.838 

3987.1 

141.372 

1590.4 

58] 

182.998 

2664.9 

71} 

224.624 

4015.2 

142.157 

1608.2 

58} 

183.783 

2687.8 

71| 

225.409 

4043.3 

142.942 

1626.0 

58 1 

184.569 

2710.9 

72 

226.195 

4071.5 

143.728 

1643.9 

59 

185.354 

2734.0 

72} 

226.980 

4099.8 

144.613 

1661.9 

69} 

186.139 

2757.2 

72} 

227.765 

4128.2 

145.299 

1680.0 

594 

186.925 

2780.5 

72f 

228.551 

4156.8 

146.084 

1693.2 

594 

187.710 

2803.9 

73 

229.336 

4185.4 

146.869 

1716.5 

(40 

188.496 

2827.4 

73} 

230.122 

4214.1 

147.655 

1734.9 

60} 

189.281 

2851.0 

73} 

230.907 

4242.9 

148.440 

1753.5 

604 

190.0(56 

2874.8 

73} 

231.692 

4271.8 

149.226 

1772.1 

604 

190.852 

2898.6 

74 

232.478 

4300.8 

150.011 

1790.8 

61 

191.637 

2922.5 

74} 

233.263 

432‘».9 

150.796 

1809.6 

61} 

192.423 

2946.5 

74} 

234.049 

4359.2 

151.582 

1828.5 

614 

193.208 

2970.6 

74 1 

234.834 

4388.5 

152.367 

1847.5 

61} 

193.993 

2994.8 

75 

235.619 

4417.9 

153.153 

1866.5 

62 

194.779 

3019.1 

75} 

236.405 

4447.4 

153.938 

1885.7 

62} 

195.5(54 

3043.5 

75} 

237.190 

4477.0 

154.723 

1905.0 

62} 

196.350 

3068.0 

75| 

237.976 

4506.7 

155.509 

1924.4 

62| 

197.135 

3092.6 

76 

238.761 

4536.5 

156.294 

1943.9 

63 

197.920 

3117.2 

76} 

239.546 

4566.4 

167.080 

1963.5 

6^ 

198.706 

3142.0 

76} 

240.332 

4596.3 

157.865 

1983.2 

634 

199.491 

3166.9 

76| 

241.117 

4626.4 

158.650 

2003.0 

63| 

200.277 

3191.9 

77 

241.903 

4656.6 

169.436 

2022.8 

(>4 

201.0(52 

3217.0 

77} 

242.688 

4686.9 

160.221 

2042.8 

64} 

201.847 

3242.2 

77  } 

243.473 

4717.3 

161.007 

2062.i) 

64.4 

202.633 

3267.5 

77} 

244.25'.> 

4747.8 

161.792 

2083.1 

()44 

203.418 

3292.8 

78 

245.044 

4778.4 

162.577 

2103.3 

65 

204.204 

3318.3 

78} 

245.830 

4809.0 

1(>3.863 

2123.7 

65) 

204.989 

3343.9 

78} 

246.615 

4839.8 

164.148 

2144.2 

65} 

205.774 

3369.(5 

78  ^ 

247.400 

4870.7 

164.934 

2164.8 

(55 1 

20(5.560 

3395.3 

79 

248.186 

4‘>01.7 

165.719 

2185.4 

66 

207.345 

3421.2 

79} 

248.<I71 

4932.7 

16().504 

220(42 

(5(5} 

208.131 

3447.2 

79} 

249.757 

4963.9 

178 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Table  of 

Circumference  and  Area  of  Circles— Continued 


Diam. 

in 

Inches 

Circum¬ 
ference 
in  Inches 

.Area 

in 

Inches 

Diam. 

in 

Inches 

Circum¬ 
ference 
in  Inches 

Area 

in 

Inches 

Diam. 

in 

Inches 

Circum¬ 
ference 
in  Inches 

.Area 

in 

Inches 

79| 

250.542 

4995.2 

844 

265.465 

5607.9 

91 

285.885 

6503.9 

80 

251.327 

5026.5 

84| 

266.250 

5641.2 

914 

287.456 

6575.5 

80^ 

252.113 

5058.0 

85 

267.035 

5674.5 

92 

289.027 

6647.6 

804 

252.898 

5089.6 

854 

267.821 

5707.9 

924 

290.597 

6720.1 

80| 

253.684 

5121.2 

854 

268.606 

5741.5 

93 

292.168 

6792.9 

81 

254.469 

5153.0 

85| 

269.392 

5775.1 

934 

293.739 

6866.1 

8U 

255.254 

5184.9 

86 

270.177 

5808.8 

94 

295.310 

6939.8 

m 

256.040 

5216.8 

864 

270.962 

5842.6 

944 

296.881 

7013.8 

81| 

256.825 

5248.9 

864 

271.748 

5876.5 

95 

298.451 

7088.2 

82 

257.611 

5281.0 

86| 

272.533 

5910.6 

954 

300.022 

7163.0 

82i 

258.396 

5313.3 

87 

273.319 

5944.7 

96 

301.593 

7238.2 

824 

259.181 

5345.6 

874 

274.104 

5978.9 

964 

303.164 

7313.8 

82| 

259.967 

5378.1 

874 

274.889 

6013.2 

97 

304.734 

7389.8 

83 

260.752 

5410.6 

88 

276.460 

6082.1 

974 

306.305 

7466.2 

834 

261.538 

5443.3 

884 

278.031 

6151.4 

98 

307.876 

7543.0 

834 

262.323 

5476.0 

89 

279.602 

6221.1 

984 

309.447 

7620.1 

831 

263.108 

5508.8 

894 

281.173 

6291.2 

99 

311.018 

7697.7 

84 

263  894 

5541.8 

90 

282.743 

6361.7 

994 

312.588 

7775.6 

84] 

264.679 

5574.8 

904 

284.314 

6432.6 

100 

314.159 

7854.0 

Case  1 

For  diameters  greater  than  100  and  less  than  1001  : 

Take  from  the  table  the  area  or  circumference  for  a  circle  the  dia¬ 
meter  of  which  is  one-tenth  of  the  given  diameter. 

To  obtain  the  required  area  or  circumference,  multiply  the  area  so 
found  by  100  and  the  circumference  so  found  by  10. 

For  example:  What  is  the  area  and  circumference  corresponding  to 
a  diameter  of  459? 

From  the  tables  the  area  and  circumference  for  diameter  45.9  are 
1654.6847  and  144.1991.  Therefore  165468.47  and  1441.991  are  the  area 
and  circumference  required. 


Case  2 

For  diameters  greater  than  1000: 

Divide  the  given  diameter  by  any  convenient  factor  which  will  give 
as  a  quotient  a  diameter  found  in  the  table,  and  take  from  the  table  the 
area  or  circumference  for  this  diameter. 

To  obtain  the  required  area  or  circumference,  multiply  the  area  so 
found  by  the  square  of  the  factor  and  the  circumference  so  found  by  the 
factor. 

For  example :  What  is  the  area  and  circumference  corresponding  to 
a  diameter  of  1983? 

1983-^3  =  661.  From  the  tables  and  Case  1,  the  area  and  circum¬ 
ference  for  diameter  661  are  343156.95  and  2076.593.  Therefore  343156.95 
X  9  =  3088412.55  area  required,  and  2076.593  X  3  =  6229.779  circumference 
required. 


179 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Thermometers 


Thermometers  are  divided  into  three  distinct  classes,  the 
Eahrenheit,  the  Centigrade  or  Celsius,  and  the  Reaumur.  The 
Eahrenheit  thermometer  is  generally  used  in  English  speaking 
countries,  and  the  Centigrade  or  Celsius  thermometers  in  countries  that 
use  the  metric  system.  In  many  scientific  tests  in  English,  however,  the 
Centigrade  temperatures  are  also  used,  either  with  or  without  their 
Eahrenheit  equivalents. 


DEGREES 


too 

c 

r 

200 

= 

50 

300 

50 

= 

200 

50 

40  0 

50 

50 

50  0 

300 

50 

— 

600 

50 

= 

50 

70  0 

400 

= 

50 

80  0 

50 

50 

= 

900 

500 

_ 

50 

1000 

— 

50 

50 

600 

— 

= 

1100 

50 

50 

— 

1200 

50 

1300 

50 

1-400 

700 

= 

50 

50 

8  00 

1500 

50 

50 

1600 

900 

50 

1700 

50 

— 

50 

1800 

1000 

50 

50 

1900 

1100 

2000 

50 

50 

2100 

1200 

50 

2200 

50 

50 

230 

1300 

50 

2400 

50 

50 

2500 

50 

1400 

2600 

50 

50 

2700 

1500 

— 

50 

50 

2800 

60 

2  900 

1600 

In  all  thermometers  the  freezing  and  boiling  point 
of  water  under  mean  atmospheric  pressure  at  sea  level 
are  assumed  at  two  fixed  points,  but  the  division  of  the 
scale  between  these  two  points  varies  in  different  coun¬ 
tries  ;  hence  the  above  mentioned  classes  of  thermometers. 
In  the  Fahrenheit  the  space  between  the  two  fixed  points 
is  divided  into  180  parts ;  the  boiling  point  is  marked 
212  and  the  freezing  point  32,  and  zero  is  a  temperature 
which,  at  the  time  this  thermometer  was  invented,  was 
incorrectly  imagined  to  be  the  lowest  temperature  attain¬ 
able.  In  the  Centigrade  and  Reaumur  scales  the  distance 
between  the  two  fixed  points  is  divided  into  100  and  80 
parts,  respectively.  In  each  of  these  two  scales  the 
freezing  point  is  marked  0,  and  the  boiling  point  is 
marked  100  in  the  Centigrade  and  80  in  the  Reaumur. 


Each  of  the  180,  100 

or  80  divisions 

in  the  respective 

thermometers  is  called 

a  degree. 

Freezing 

Boiling 

Point 

Point 

Reaumur 

0 

80 

Celsius 

0 

100 

Fahrenheit 

32 

212 

1  Fahrenheit  degree, =f°  Centigrade  =f°  Reaumur 

1  Centigrade  degree, =1°  Fahrenheit  =^°  Reaumur 

1  Reaumur  degree,  =  |°  Fahrenheit  =|°  Centigrade 

TemperatureFahrenheit,  =  f  X  C.  +  32°  =|  R.  +  32° 

Temperature  Centigrade, =f  (Tem.F. — 32°)  =  f  R. 
Temperature  Reaumur,  =1  (Tem.C.  )=a  (F. — 32°) 

Simplified,  the  above  reduces  to : 

To  change  Centigrade  scale  to  Fahrenheit,  multiply 
the  degrees  in  Centigrade  by  9,  divide  by  5,  and  add 
32  degrees. 

To  change  Reaumur  to  Fahrenheit,  multiply  the  num¬ 
ber  of  degrees  Reaumur  by  9,  divide  by  4,  and  add  32 
degrees. 

And  to  change  Fahrenheit  to  Centigrade  or  Reaumur, 
simply  reverse  the  above  and  the  result  will  be  obtained. 


ScALC  or  Decrees  CCLSiUS  ANO  Fam»cnnc»t 


nORMULA  -  j  8  +  32  -  F 


180 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Absolute  Zero 

The  absolute  zero  of  a  gas,  is  a  theoretical  consequence  of  the  law  of 
expansion  by  heat,  assuming  that  it  is  possible  to  continue  the  cooling  of 
a  perfect  gas  until  its  volume  is  diminished  to  nothing. 

In  the  Centigrade  scale  the  coefficient  of  expansion  of  air  per  degree 
is  1/273;  that  is,  its  pressure  being  constant,  the  volume  of  a  perfect 
gas  increases  1/273  of  its  volume  at  0°C.  for  every  increase  in  temperature 
of  1°  C.  In  Fahrenheit  units  it  increases  1/491.2  of  its  volume  at  32°  F. 
for  every  increase  of  1°  F. 

If  the  volume  of  a  perfect  gas  increases  1/273  of  its  volume  at  0°  C. 
for  every  increase  of  temperature  of  1°  C.  and  decreases  1/273  of  its 
volume  for  every  decrease  of  temperature  of  1°  C.,  then  at  — 273°  C.  or 
491.2°  F.  below  the  melting  point  of  ice  on  the  air  thermometer,  or 
— 492.66°  F.  (or  — 460.66°)  is  called  the  absolute  zero.  Absolute  tempera¬ 
tures  therefore  are  temperatures  measured,  on  either  the  Fahrenheit  or 
Centigrade  scale,  from  this  zero. 


181 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Power  Transmission 


Rules  for  Ascertaining  Horse  Power,  Etc.,  of  Shafting 

Shafts  for  transmitting  power  are  subject  to  two  forces,  viz.: 

I  transverse  strain  and  torsion. 

The  torsional  strength  of  shafts,  or  their  resistance  to  breaking 

% 

by  twisting,  is  proportional  to  the  cube  of  their  diameter.  Their  stiffness, 
or  resistance  to  bending,  is  proportional  to  the  fourth  power  of  their 
diameters,  and  varies  inversely  in  proportion  to  their  load,  and  also  to 
the  cube  of  the  length  of  their  spans  or  “bay.” 


Coefficients  for  Use  in  Following  Rules : 


Wrought  Iron  Main  Shaft,  hammered  and  turned .  120 

Steel  “  “  “  “  “  .  90 

Wrought  Iron  Line  “  “  “  “  .  90 

Steel  “  “  “  “  “  .  67.6 

Wrought  Iron  Line  Shaft,  rolled  and  turned  .  100 

Steel  “  “  “  “  “  .  76 


Formulas: 

Rule  1.  To  find  maximum  horse  power  of  a  shaft  within  good  working 
limits: 

Diameter^  X  revolutions  per  minute 
Coefficient 

Rule  2.  To  find  the  diameter  of  a  shaft,  capable  within  good  working 
limits,  of  transmitting  a  given  horse  power: 

Horse  Power  X  Coefficient  {  The  cube  root  of  the  quotient 
Revolutions  per  minute.  ^  is  the  diameter  in  inches. 

Rule  3.  To  find  the  speed  required  for  transmitting  a  given  horse 
power  within  good  working  limits: 

Horse  Power  X  Coefficient 
Diameter** 


Shaft  Bearings 

The  distance  apart  of  shaft  bearings  may  be  obtained  by  the  following 
rule,  which  is  applicable  for  shafts  up  to  4  inches  diameter.  Extra  bear¬ 
ings  should  be  provided  wherever  power  is  taken  off  by  main  belts  or  gears : 

L  =  4.8  f 

L  =  Length  in  feet  betw’een  supports. 

D  =  Diameter  of  shaft  in  inches. 

For  a  4-inch  shaft  L  =  4.8  f  =  12  feet. 


Approximate  Centers  of  Bearings  Deduced  from  above  Formulae 


Diameter  of  Shaft 

1”  . 

iy2” . 

2”  . 

. 

3"  . 

3K" . 

4”  . 


Centers 

4  ft.  9  in. 

6  “  3 

7  “  8 

8  “  10 
10  “  0 
11  “  1 
12  “  0 


182 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Pulleys 

Rules  for  calculating  the  speed  and  sizes  of  pulleys ; 

Problem  1.  The  diameter  of  the  driver  and  driven  being  given,  to  find 
the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  driven. 

Rule.  Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  driver  by  its  number  of  revolu¬ 
tions,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  diameter  of  the  driven ;  the  quotient 
will  be  the  number  of  revolutions. 

Problem  2.  The  diameter  and  the  revolutions  of  the  driver  being 
given,  to  find  the  diameter  of  the  driven,  that  shall  make  any  given 
number  of  revolutions  in  the  same  time. 

Rule.  Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  driver  by  its  number  of  revolutions, 
and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  the  driven ;  the  quotient  will  be 
its  diameter. 

Problem  3.  To  ascertain  the  size  of  the  driver. 

Rule.  Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  driven  by  the  number  of  revolu¬ 
tions  you  wish  to  make,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  revolutions  of  the 
driver;  the  quotient  will  be  the  size  of  the  driver. 

Problem  4.  To  find  the  horse  power  of  a  pulley. 

Rule.  Multiply  the  circumference  of  the  pulley  by  the  speed,  and 
the  product  thus  obtained  by  the  width  of  the  belt,  and  divide  the  result 
by  600.  The  quotient  will  be  the  horse  power. 

The  above  rules  are  practically  correct.  Though,  owing  to  the  slip, 
elasticity  and  thickness  of  the  belt,  the  circumference  of  the  driven  seldom 
runs  as  fast  as  the  driver. 

Belts,  like  gears,  have  a  pitch  line,  or  a  circumference  of  uniform 
motion.  The  circumference  is  within  the  thickness  of  the  belt,  and  must 
be  considered  if  pulleys  differ  greatly  in  diameter  and  a  required  speed  is 
absolutely  necessary. 


Belting 

In  the  practical  application  of  rules  and  formulas  for  belting,  good 
judgment,  experience  and  a  consideration  of  the  conditions  are  the  govern¬ 
ing  factors. 

Operating  conditions  and  the  coefficient  of  friction  of  belts,  on  pulleys 
vary  so  greatly  that  it  is  advisable  and  customary  to  use  arbitrary  rules 
and  formulas  that  have  proved  safe  in  practice. 

The  following  notes  and  rules  are  based  on  modern  practice  and  will 
be  found  thoroughly  reliable  for  average  conditions : 

The  power  of  a  belt  to  transmit  motion  is  derived  from  the  friction 
hold  on  the  pulley.  Diminution  in  friction  hold  from  any  cause  brings 
about  a  condition  known  as  slipping.  With  every  revolution  of  a  pulley 
a  portion  of  the  power  is  lost ;  the  loss  varies  with  the  condition  of  the 
belt,  change  of  load,  state  of  the  atmosphere,  etc. 

Power  should  be  communicated  through  the  lower  running  side  of  a 
belt;  the  upper  side  to  carry  the  slack. 


183 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


A  long  belt  will  transmit  more  power  than  a  short  one  of  the  same 
width  and  tension. 

A  belt  under  favorable  conditions  will  deliver  97%  of  its  efficiency. 

A  single  belt  one  inch  wide  will  transmit  one  horse  power  at  1000 
feet  per  minute,  belt  speed,  or  33  pounds  working  strain  per  inch  of  belt. 

The  working  tension  for  single  belts  in  good  condition  can  safely 
be  put  at  45  pounds  per  inch  of  width. 

The  strength  of  a  belt  increases  directly  as  its  width. 

Average  breaking  weight  of  a  belt,  3/16  x  1  inch  wide — Leather,  530 
pounds ;  3-ply  rubber,  600  pounds. 

The  coefficient  of  safety  for  laced  belts  is— Leather,  1/16  breaking 
weight ;  rubber,  breaking  weight. 

Excessively  tight  or  loose  belts  cause  a  loss  of  power;  in  the  former 
case  from  friction  at  the  journals,  and  in  the  latter  from  slipping. 

Excessive  slipping  dries  out  the  leather  and  reduces  the  adhesion. 

Within  reasonable  limits  the  greater  the  speed  the  more  efficient  the 
belt.  A  speed  of  3,000  feet  per  minute  is  a  safe  maximum. 

A  double  belt  will  last  longer  than  a  single  one,  and  will  take  double 
the  tension,  and  will  transmit  7/10  more  power,  as  capacity  to  transmit 
power  is  governed  by  the  frictional  width  of  belt  and  its  pulling  strength. 

A  rawhide  belt  will  transmit  from  25%  to  50%  more  power  than  a 
tanned  one,  and  for  straight  non-shifting  work  is  much  the  more  eco¬ 
nomical.  It  is,  however,  adapted  to  cone  pulleys  or  countershaft  work. 

Belts  should  be  used  with  hair  side  to  the  pulley,  as  this  gives  greater 
adhesion. 

The  ordinary  thickness  of  leather  belts  is  3/16  inch,  and  weighs  about 
60  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 

Ordinarily,  4-ply  cotton  belting  is  considered  equivalent  to  single 
leather  belting. 

Where  pulley  diameters  are  restricted,  a  wide  thin  belt  is  more  eco¬ 
nomical  than  a  narrow  thick  one. 


Rules  on  Belting 

To  Obtain  Most  Economical  Results 


For  4-ply 
“  6  “ 

“  8  “ 

“  10  “ 

“  12  “ 


belts,  smallest  pulley  should 

ii  (i  ((  <( 

ti  n  n  n 

H  H  ((  Ki 


be  12  inches  diameter  or  over. 

“  20  “  “  “ 

“  36 

“  60  “ 


(i 


u  n 


ti 


96 


For  belts  of  the  same  width  a  6-ply  will  transmit  V/z  times  as  much 
power  as  a  4-ply;  an  8-ply,  times  as  much;  a  10-ply  about  twice  as 
much  and  a  12-ply  about  2^:4  times  as  much  as  a  4-ply. 

To  find  the  approximate  ply  of  a  belt  of  a  given  width  required 
economically  to  transmit  a  given  horse  power  at  a  given  belt  speed: 
Multiply  the  given  horse  power  by  800,  and  tlie  given  width  in  inches 
by  the  given  belt  speed  in  feet  and  divide  the  first  result  by  the 


184 


H.  I..  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


second.  If  the  final  result  is  1  or  nearly  1,  a  4-ply  belt  is  required;  if 
1J4,  a  6-ply  belt  is  required;  if  1^1,  an  8-ply  is  required;  if  2,  a  10-ply 
is  required  and  if  2j4>  a  12-ply  is  required. 

To  find  the  width  of  a  four-ply  belt,  required  economically  to  trans¬ 
mit  a  given  horse  power,  at  a  given  belt  speed  per  minute:  Multiply 
the  given  horse  power  by  800,  and  divide  the  result  by  the  given  speed. 

To  find  the  width  of  a  six-ply  required:  Multiply  the  horse  power 
by  533  and  divide  the  result  by  the  belt  speed. 

To  find  the  width  of  an  eight-ply  required:  Multiply  the  horse 
power  by  457  and  divide  the  result  by  the  belt  speed. 

To  find  the  width  of  ten-ply  required:  Multiply  the  horse  power 
by  400  and  divide  the  result  by  the  belt  speed. 

To  find  the  width  of  a  twelve-ply  required:  Multiply  the  horse 
power  by  356  and  divide  the  result  by  the  belt  speed. 

To  find  the  length  of  an  open  belt:  Add  the  diameter  of  the 
two  pulleys  together,  multiply  by  3  1/7,  divide  the  product  by  2,  add 
to  the  result  twice  the  distance  between  centres  of  the  shafts  and  the 
product  will  be  the  required  length. 


Horse  Power  of  Leather  Belting 


Transmitted  with  Safety  at  an  Assured  Tension  of  50  Pounds  Per 
Inch  of  Width  for  Single  Belt.  100  Pounds  for  Double  Belt 

Formulas: 

D  =  Diameter  of  pulley  in  feet. 

R  =  Revolutions  per  minute. 

W=  Width  of  belt  in  inches. 

50  for  single  belt 


1  100  for  double  belt 
H.  P.  =  Horse  power  transmitted. 


D  X  3.1416  X  R  X  W  X  C 
33000 


=  H.  P. 


D  =  Diameter  in  inches. 

R  =  Revolutions  per  minute. 

W  =  Width  of  belt  in  inches. 

C  =  2520  =  Constant. 

H.  P.  =  Horse  power  transmitted. 


185 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Single  Belting 


I)  X  K  X  \V 
‘2750 


H.  P. 


The  transmitting  efficiency  of  double  belts  of  average  thickness  is  to  that 
of  single  belts  as  10  is  to  7;  hence  the  formulas  for  double  belting  would  be:  — 


Double  Belting 


D  X  R  X  \V 
1926 


=  H.  P. 


The  horse  power  to  be  transmitted,  and  diameter  of  pulley  being  given, 
to  find  the  width  of  belt  required; — 


Single  Belt 


W  = 


H.  P.  X  2750 
D  X  R 


Double  Belt 


W 


H.  P.  X  1925 
D  X  R 


The  horse  power  and  width  of  belt  being  given,  to  find  the  diameter 
of  pulleys: — 


Single  Belt 
_  H.  P.  X  2750 
“  R  X  W 


Double  Belt 
_  H.  P.  X  1925 
~  R  X  W 


The  horse  power,  diameter  of  the  pulley  and  width  of  belt  being  given, 
to  find  the  number  of  revolutions  necessary: — 

Double  Belt 
_  H.P.  X  1925 
I)  X  W 

In  formulating  the  foregoing  rules,  it  has  been  assumed  that  the  belts 
are  run  about  horizontal,  and  that  the  arc  of  contact  is  the  semi-circumference. 
Any  reduction  in  the  arc  of  contact  will  necessitate  a  proportionate  reduction 
of  the  tabulated  horse  power.  If,  however,  the  pulleys  are  of  different 
diameters,  and  the  arc  of  contact  is  less  than  the  semi-circumference,  the 
rules  must  be  modified  accordingly. 

For  open  belts  and  pulleys  of  different  diameters,  the  arc  of  contact 
is  less  than  180°  on  the  smaller  pulley,  and  a  different  constant,  to  be  taken 
from  the  following  table,  must  be  substituted  in  the  foregoing  formulas. 


Single  Belt 
_  H.  P.  X  2750 
“  D  X  W 


186 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Measure  the  length  of  the  arc  of  contact  on  the  smaller  pulley,  and 
divide  it  by  the  circumference  of  the  pulley.  Find  the  fraction  in  the 
second  column  which  corresponds  nearest  to  this  result,  and  opposite  this, 
its  corresponding  constant. 


Degrees 

Fraction  of 
Circumference 

Ratio 

Single  Belt 
Constant 

Double  Belt 
Constant 

90 

2.21 

6080 

4250 

112>^ 

=  .3125 

1.72 

4730 

3310 

120 

=  .3333 

1.6 

4400 

3080 

135 

CO 

II 

1.4 

3850 

2700 

160 

=  .4167 

1.24 

3410 

2390 

157>^ 

tV  =  .4375 

1.17 

3220 

2250 

180  to  270 

^  to  ^  =  .5  to  .75 

1. 

2750 

1925 

If  the  belt  is  crossed  and  the  arc  of  contact  is  greater  than  the  semi¬ 
circumference,  of  course  more  power  could  be  transmitted  by  the  pulley; 
but  only  by  increasing  the  tension  so  as  to  overtax  the  belt. 

By  multiplying  the  constant  for  the  semi-circumference,  by  the  ratios 
of  friction  and  pressure  given  in  the  third  column  of  above  table,  the 
constants  for  every  case  likely  to  occur  in  practice  are  obtained. 


187 


Table  Giving  Horse  Power  Transmission  by  Belts  When  the  Speed 

and  Width  of  Belt  are  Given 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


C/) 


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a. 


188 


To  find  the  speed  in  feet  per  minute,  multiply  the  circumference  of  pulley  in  feet  by  the  number  of  revolutions. 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Gearing 

In  general  the  term  “gearing”  is  applied  to  all  parts  of  machinery  by 
which  motion  is  transmitted ;  especially  is  it  employed  for  wheels  whether 
friction  or  tooth.  Tooth  wheels,  are  “in  gear”  when  their  teeth  are 
engaged  together ;  “out  of  gear”  when  separated. 

Spur  Gears  are  wheels  with  the  teeth  or  cogs  ranged  round  the  outer 
or  inner  surface  of  the  rim,  in  the  direction  of  the  radii  from  the  centre, 
and  their  action  may  be  regarded  as  that  of  two  cylinders  rolling  upon 
one  another. 

Bevel  Gears  are  wheels,  the  teeth  of  which  are  placed  upon  the  outer 
periphery  in  a  direction  verging  to  the  apex  of  a  cone  and  their  action  is 
similar  to  that  of  two  cones  rolling  upon  each  other.  When  two  bevel 
gears  of  same  diameter  work  together  at  an  angle  of  45°  they  are  called 
Mitre  Wheels. 

The  teeth  are  called  “teeth”  when  they  are  of  one  and  the  same  piece 
as  the  body  of  the  wheel,  and  “cogs”  when  they  are  of  separate  material. 
Wheels  in  whose  rim  “cogs”  are  inserted  are  called  Mortise  Wheels. 

The  straight  line  drawn  from  centre  to  centre  of  a  pair  of  wheels  is 
called  the  “line  of  centres.” 

The  pitch-line,  by  which  the  size  of  a  wheel  is  always  given,  represents, 
as  noted  above,  the  touching  of  two  cylinders  rolling  upon  one  another, 
and  is  the  line  or  circle  on  which  the  pitch  of  teeth  is  measured. 

The  pitch  is  the  distance  between  the  centres  of  two  adjacent  teeth 
measured  at  the  pitch  line. 

The  circular  pitch  of  a  gear  wheel  is  the  distance  in  inches  measured 
on  the  pitch  circle  from  the  centre  of  one  tooth  to  the  centre  of  the  next 
tooth. 

If  the  distance  of  the  teeth  of  a  gear  thus  measured  were  2j/2  inches 
we  would  say  that  the  circular  pitch  was  2j/2  inches. 


Let  P  =  Circular  pitch. 

D  =  Diameter  of  pitch  circle  in  inches. 

C  =  Circumference  of  pitch  circle  in  inches. 
N  =  Number  of  teeth, 
n  =  3.1416. 


C  nD 


C  =  P  N  or  nD 
Addendum  =  .3  P 


C  nD 
N  p  P 

T,  PN  C 

n  n 

Root  =  .4  P 


Thickness  of  teeth  for  cut  gear  =  .5  P ;  for  cast  gear  .48  P. 

The  diametral  pitch  of  a  gear  wheel  is  the  number  of  teeth  in  the 
wheel  divided  by  the  diameter  of  the  pitch  circle  in  inches,  or,  it  is  the 
number  of  teeth  on  the  circumference  of  the  gear  wheel  for  one  inch 
diameter  of  pitch  circle. 


189 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


A  gear  with  a  pitch  diameter  of  5  inches  and  having  40  teeth,  is  8 
pitch;  one  with  the  same  pitch  diameter  and  having  70  teeth,  is  14  pitch. 

In  the  gear  of  8  pitch  there  are  8  teeth  on  the  circumference  for  each 
inch  of  the  diameter  of  the  pitch  circle ;  and  in  one  of  14  pitch  there  are 
14  teeth  on  the  circumference  for  each  inch  of  the  diameter  of  the  pitch 
circle. 


Let  P  =  Diametral  Pitch. 

D  =  Diameter  of  pitch  circle  in  inches. 
N  =  Number  of  teeth, 
d  =  Outside  diameter. 

L  =  Length  of  tooth, 
t  =  Thickness  of  tooth. 


N  =  P.  I). 


The  circular  pitch  corresponding  to  any  diametral  pitch  may  be  found 
by  dividing  3.1416  by  the  diametral  pitch;  and  the  diametral  pitch  corre¬ 
sponding  to  any  circular  pitch  may  be  found  by  dividing  3.1416  by  the 
circular  pitch. 

(a)  If  the  diametral  pitch  of  a  gear  is  six,  what  is  the  corresponding 
circular  pitch? 

(b)  If  the  circular  pitch  is  1.5708  inches,  what  is  the  corresponding 
diametral  pitch? 


(a) 


3.1416 

6 


=  .5236  inches 


(b)  3.1416  _ 

1.5708  “ 


Diametral  Pitches  with  their  Corresponding 
Circular  Pitches 


Diametral  Pitch  or 
Teeth  Per  Inch 
in  Diameter 

Corresponding 

Circular 

Pitch 

Diametral  Pitch  or 
Teeth  Per  Inch 
in  Diameter 

Corresponding 

Circular 

Pitch 

1 

3.1416 

8 

.3927 

2 

1.5708 

9 

.3491 

3 

1.0472 

10 

.3142 

4 

.7854 

12 

.2618 

5 

.6283 

14 

.2244 

6 

.5236 

16 

.1963 

7 

.4488 

20 

.1571 

To  find  the  horse  power  of  spur  gearing  made  of  good  cast  iron; 


PXFXDXR_ 

600 

Where  P  =  Pitch  of  wheel  in  inches. 
P'  =  Face  in  inches. 

D  =  Diameter  in  inches. 

R  =  Revolutions  per  minute. 


190 


I 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Electricity 

Electrical  Units 

Volt:  The  unit  of  electrical  motive  force.  Force  required  to  send 
one  ampere  of  current  through  one  ohm  of  resistance. 

Ohm:  Unit  of  resistance.  The  resistance  offered  to  the  passage 
of  one  ampere,  when  impelled  by  one  volt. 

Ampere:  Unit  of  current.  The  current  which  one  volt  can  send 
through  a  resistance  of  one  ohm. 

Coulomb:  Unit  of  quantity.  Quantity  of  current  which,  impelled 
by  one  volt,  would  pass  through  one  ohm  in  one  second. 

Farad:  Unit  of  capacity.  A  conductor  or  condenser  which  will 
hold  one  coulomb  under  the  pressure  of  one  volt. 

Joule:  Unit  of  work.  The  work  done  by  one  watt  in  one  second. 
Watt:  The  unit  of  electrical  energy,  and  is  the  product  of  ampere 
and  volt.  That  is,  one  ampere  of  current  flowing  under  a  pressure  of 
one  volt  gives  one  watt  of  energy. 

Useful  Rules  for  Simple  Electrical  Calculations 

One  electrical  horse  power  is  equal  to  746  watts. 

One  Kilowatt  is  equal  to  1,000  watts. 

To  find  the  watts  consumed  in  a  given  electrical  circuit,  such  as  a 
lamp,  multiply  the  volts  by  the  amperes. 

To  find  the  volts,  divide  the  watts  by  the  amperes. 

To  find  the  amperes,  divide  the  watts  by  the  volts. 

To  find  the  electrical  horse  power  required  by  a  lamp,  divide  the  watts 
of  the  lamp  by  746. 

To  find  the  number  of  lamps  that  can  be  supplied  by  one  electrical 
horse  power  of  energy,  divide  746  by  the  watts  of  the  lamp. 

To  find  the  electrical  horse  power  necessary,  multiply  the  watts  per 
lamp  by  the  number  of  lamps  and  divide  by  746. 

To  find  the  mechanical  horse  power  necessary  to  generate  the  required 
electrical  horse  power,  divide  the  latter  by  the  efficiency  of  the  generator. 

To  find  the  amperes  of  a  given  circuit,  of  which  the  volts  and  ohms 
resistance  are  known,  divide  the  volts  by  the  ohms. 

To  find  the  volts,  when  the  amperes  and  watts  are  known,  multiply 
the  amperes  by  the  ohms. 

To  find  the  resistance  in  ohms,  when  the  volts  and  amperes  are  known, 
divide  the  volts  by  the  amperes. 

Equivalents  of  Electrical  Units 

(Hering) 

1  Kilowatt  =  1000  Watts. 

1  Kilowatt  =  1.34  horse  power. 

1  Kilowatt  =  44257  foot  pounds  per  minute. 

1  Kilowatt  =  56.87  B.  T.  U.  per  minute. 

1  Horse  power  =  746  Watts. 

1  Horse  power  =  33,000  foot  pounds  per  minute. 

1  Horse  power  =  42.41  B.  T.  U.  per  minute. 

1  B.  T.  U.  (British  Thermal  Unit)  =  778  foot  pounds. 

1  B.  T.  U.  =  0.2930  Watt-hours. 

Relation  of  Speed,  Alternations  and  Number  of  Poles 
in  A.  C.  Generators 

Alternations  per  minute  =  Number  of  Poles  and  revolutions  per  minute. 
Cycles  per  second  =  Alternations  per  minute  divided  by  120. 


191 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Air 

Useful  Notes 

Pertaining  to  Blowers,  Fans  and  Compressors 

Air  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  the  gases  oxygen  and  nitrogen ;  20.7 
parts  oxygen  and  79.3  parts  nitrogen  by  volume,  23  parts  oxygen 
“■  and  77  parts  nitrogen  by  weight. 

The  weight  of  pure  air  at  32°  F.  and  a  barometric  pressure  of  29.92 
inches  of  mercury,  or  14.6963  pounds  per  square  inch  is  .080728  pounds 
per  cubic  foot. 

Volume  of  one  pound  12.387  cubic  feet.  At  any  other  temperature  and 
barometric  pressure  its  weight  in  pounds  per  cubic  foot  is : 

.  _  1.3253  X  B. 

“  459.2 +  T. 

Where  B  =  Height  of  barometric. 

T  =  Temperature  Fahrenheit. 

If  both  the  temperature  and  pressure  vary,  the  weight  of  a  cubic 
foot  of  air  is  found  by  dividing  the  absolute  pressure  by  the  absolute 
temperature  multiplied  by  2.7093. 

Specific  heat  of  air  is  .2377,  or  nearly  one-fourth  that  of  water.  In 
reheating  compressed  air  one  pound  of  coal  will  produce  one  horse  power. 

Compressed  air,  under  a  pressure  of  75  pounds  in  the  receiver,  will 
flow  into  the  atmosphere  at  a  velocity  of  658  feet  a  second.  The  variation 
is  so  slight  under  different  pressures,  that  this  velocity  can  be  used 
for  all  calculations  between  30  and  100  pounds  gauge. 

The  friction  loss  in  transmitting  air  is  nearly  as  the  square  of  the 
velocity  and  directly  as  the  length  of  the  line. 

In  a  three-inch  pipe  line  2,500  feet  long,  the  ma.ximum  velocity  should 
not  exceed  1,500  feet  per  minute,  when  the  pressure  at  the  inlet  is  less 
than  100  pounds.  If  the  line  is  7,000  feet  long,  the  velocity  should  not 
e.xceed  1,000  feet  per  minute,  when  the  pressure  at  the  inlet  is  less  than 
100  pounds. 

In  a  six-inch  pipe  line  2,500  feet  long,  under  the  same  conditions  the 
velocity  may  be  increased  to  2,500  feet  per  minute,  but  if  the  line  is 
7,000  feet  long,  it  should  not  exceed  1,500  feet  per  minute. 

In  pipe  lines  smaller  than  the  above,  the  velocity  should  be  corre¬ 
spondingly  diminished,  but  may  be  increased  as  the  diameter  of  the  line 
increases. 

A  friction  loss  of  10  per  cent  of  the  absolute  pressure  represents  only 
a  loss  of  three  per  cent  in  power,  due  to  the  fact  that  with  decreased 
pressure  the  volume  is  increased  nearly  11  per  cent. 


192 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Volume  and  Density  of  Air  at  Various  Temperatures 

(American  Blower  Co.) 


Temper¬ 

ature 

Degrees 

Volume  of 

I  lb.  of  Air  at 
Atmospheric 
Pressure  of 
14.7  lbs. 

Cubic  Feet 

Density 
or  Weight  of 

I  cubic  foot 
of  Air 
at  14.7  lbs. 

Lbs. 

Temper¬ 

ature 

Degrees 

Volume  of 

1  lb.  of  Air  at 
Atmospheric 
Pressure  of 
14.7  lbs. 

Cubic  Feet 

Density  or 
Weight  of 

I  cubic  foot 
of  Air 
at  14.7  lbs. 

Lbs. 

Temper¬ 

ature 

Degrees 

Volume  of 

I  lb.  of  Air  at 
Atmospheric 
Pressure  of 
14.7  lbs. 

Cubic  Feet 

Density 
or  Weight 
of  I  cubic 
foot  of  Air 
at  14.7  lbs. 

Lbs. 

0 

11.683 

.086331 

220 

17.111 

.068442 

676 

26.031 

.038416 

32 

12.387 

.080728 

240 

17.612 

.066774 

600 

26.669 

.037610 

40 

12.686 

.079439 

260 

18.116 

.066200 

660 

27.916 

.036822 

60 

12.840 

.077884 

280 

18.621 

.063710 

700 

29.171 

.034280 

62 

13.141 

.076097 

300 

19.121 

.062297 

760 

30.428 

.032866 

70 

13.342 

.074960 

320 

19.624 

.060969 

800 

31.684 

.031661 

80 

13.693 

.073666 

340 

20.126 

.049686 

860 

32.941 

.030368 

90 

13.846 

.072230 

360 

20.630 

.048476 

900 

34.197 

.029242 

100 

14.096 

.070942 

380 

21.131 

.047323 

960 

36.464 

.028206 

120 

14.692 

.068600 

400 

21.634 

.046223 1 

1000 

36.811 

.027241 

140 

16.100 

.066221 

426 

22.262 

.044920 

1600 

49.376 

.020296 

160 

16.603 

.064088 

460 

22.890 

.043686 ! 

2000 

61.940 

.016172 

180 

16.106 

.062090 

476 

23.618 

.042620 ! 

2600 

74.666 

.013441 

200 

16.606 

.060210 

600 

24.146 

.041414 

3000 

87.130 

.011499 

210 

16.860 

.069313 

626 

24.776 

.040364 1 

212 

16.910 

.069136 

_ 

660 

26.403 

.039366 i 

_ 

In  the  following  formulas:  V  =  velocity  in  feet  per  minute,  A  =  area 
of  pipe  in  inches,  and  Q  =:  cubic  feet  of  compressed  air. 

^  a  X  V  ^  ^  Q  X  144  ,  ^  Q  X  144 

^144  V  a 

Q  X  number  of  atmospheres  =  cubic  feet  of  free  air. 

Every  increase  of  20  degrees  F.  in  the  temperature  of  the  atmos¬ 
phere  almost  doubles  its  capacity  for  moisture ;  thus  atmosphere  at  32 
degrees  F.  will  sustain  2.1  grains  of  transparent  vapor,  at  52  degrees, 
4.2  grains,  and  at  72  degrees,  8.6  grains. 


Fans  and  Blowers 

(Kent) 

Two  fans  mounted  on  one  shaft  will  be  found  more  useful  and  con¬ 
venient  than  one  wide  fan,  as  in  such  an  arrangement  twice  the  area  of 
inlet  opening  is  obtained  as  compared  with  a  single  fan.  Such  an  arrange¬ 
ment  may  be  adopted  where  occasionally  half  the  full  quantity  of  air  is 
required,  as  one  of  them  may  be  put  out  of  gear,  thus  saving  power. 

The  head  or  pressure  is  increased  by  increasing  the  number  of  revo¬ 
lutions  of  the  fan. 

Experiments  have  demonstrated  that  there  is  no  practical  difference 
between  the  efficiencies  of  blowers  with  curved  blades  and  those  with 
straight  radial  ones. 

From  65%  to  75%  of  the  power  expended  on  the  blower  is  received 
back. 

The  greatest  amount  of  power  often  used  to  run  a  fan  is  not  due  to 
the  fan  itself,  but  to  the  method  of  selecting,  erecting  and  piping  it. 


193 


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H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


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22 

24 

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32/ 

23/ 

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72 

43/ 

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25 

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195 


Forced  Draft  Capacity  Table  for  Blowers 

18  lb.  Air  per  one  lb.  Coal.  34.5  lb.  Water 


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Flow  is  expressed  in  cubic  feet  per  minute,  and  is  assumed  to  take  place  from  a  receiver  or  other  vessel  in  which  air  is 


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Volume  of  Air  Transmitted  in  Cubic  Feet  Per  Minute  in  Pipes  of  Various  Diameters 


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H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Quantity  of  Air  of  a  Given  Density  Delivered  by  a  Fan 

(Kent) 


Total  area  of  nozzles  in  square  feet  multiplied  by  velocity  in  feet  per 
minute  corresponding  to  density  (see  table)  equals  air  delivered  in  cubic 
feet  per  minute. 


Density 
Ounces  Per 
Square  Inch 

Velocity 

Feet  Per  Si  in. 

Density 
Ounces  Per 
Square  Inch 

Velocity 

Feet  Per  Slin. 

Density 
Ounces  Per 
Square  Inch 

Velocity 
Feet  Per  Min. 

1 

5000 

5 

11000 

9 

15000 

2 

7000 

6 

12260 

10 

15800 

3 

8600 

7 

13200 

11 

16500 

4 

10000 

8 

14150 

12 

17300 

Comparative  Efficiency  of  Fans  and  Positive  Blowers 

(H.  M.  Howe,  Trans.  A.  I.  M.  E.  x  482).  Experiments  with  fans  and 
positive  (Baker)  blowers  working  at  moderately  low  pressures,  under  20 
ounces,  show  that  they  work  more  efficiently  at  a  given  pressure  when 
delivering  large  volumes  (i.  e.  when  working  nearly  up  to  their  maximum 
capacity)  than  when  delivering  comparatively  small  volumes.  Therefore, 
when  great  variations  in  the  quantity  and  pressure  of  blast  required  are 
liable  to  arise,  the  highest  efficiency  would  be  obtained  by  having  a  number 
of  blowers,  always  driving  them  up  to  their  full  capacity,  and  regulating  the 
amount  of  blast  by  altering  the  number  of  blowers  at  work,  instead  of 
having  one  or  two  very  large  blowers  and  regulating  the  amount  of  blast 
by  the  speed  of  the  blowers. 

Eor  a  given  speed  of  a  fan,  any  diminution  in  the  size  of  the  blast- 
orifice  decreases  the  consumption  of  power  and  at  the  same  time  raises 
the  pressure  of  the  blast ;  but  it  increases  the  consumption  of  power  per 
unit  of  orifice  for  a  given  pressure  of  blast.  When  the  orifice  has  been 
reduced  to  the  normal  size  for  any  given  fan,  further  diminishing  it 
causes  but  slight  elevation  of  the  blast  pressure ;  and,  when  the  orifice 
becomes  comparatively  small,  further  diminishing  it  causes  no  sensible 
elevation  of  the  blast  pressure,  which  remains  practically  constant,  even 
when  the  orifice  is  entirely  closed. 

Many  of  the  failures  of  fans  have  been  due  to  too  low  speed,  to  too 
small  pulleys,  to  improper  fastening  of  belts,  or  to  the  belts  being  too 
nearly  vertical ;  in  brief,  to  bad  mechanical  arrangement,  rather  than  to 
inherent  defects  in  the  principles  of  the  machine. 

If  several  fans  are  used,  it  is  probably  essential  to  high  efficiency  to 
provide  a  separate  blast-pipe  for  each  (at  least  if  the  fans  are  of  different 
size  or  speed)  while  any  number  of  positive  blowers  may  deliver  into  the 
same  pipe  without  lowering  their  efficiency. 

Formula  for  Calculating  Friction  Losses 

Pj=  Absolute  initial  air  pressure  (lbs.) 

P2=  Absolute  terminal  air  pressure  (lbs.) 

V  =  Free  air  equivalent  in  cu.  ft.  per  min.  of  volume  passing  through  pipe. 
L  =  Length  of  pipe  (feet) 

A  =  Diameter  of  pipe  (inches) 

Formula 

p2 _ p2  _  .0Q06v^L 

^2  ~  A® 


199 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Loss  of  Air  Pressure  in  Ounces  per  Square  Inch 


for  Varying  Velocities  and  Varying 


Diameters  of  Pipes 


(American  Blower  Co.) 


Diameter 

OE  Pipe  in  Inches 

Velocity  of  Air 
Feet  per  Minute 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

. 

7 

8 

Loss  OF  Pressure  in  Ounces 

600 

.400 

.200 

.133 

.100 

.080 

.067 

.057 

.060 

1,200 

1.600 

.800 

.533 

.400 

.320 

.267 

.229 

.200 

1,800 

3.600 

1.800 

1.200 

.900 

.720 

.600 

.514 

.450 

2,400 

6.400 

3.200 

2.133 

1.600 

1.280 

1.067 

.914 

.800 

3,000 

10.000 

6.000 

3.333 

2.500 

2.000 

1.667 

1.429 

1.250 

3,600 

14.400 

7.200 

4.800 

3.600 

2.880 

2.400 

2.057 

1.800 

4,200 

4,800 

6,000 

9.800 

6.553 

4.900 

3.920 

3.267 

2.800 

2.450 

12.800 

8.533 

6.400 

6.120 

4.267 

3.657 

3.200 

20.000 

13.333 

10.000 

8.000 

6.667 

5.714 

5.000 

Diameter 

OF  Pipe  in  Inches 

V'elocity  of  Air 
Feet  per  Minute 

9 

10 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

Loss  of  Pressure  in  Ounces 

600 

.044 

.040 

.036 

.033 

.029 

.026 

.022 

.020 

1,200 

.178 

.160 

.145 

.133 

.114 

.100 

.089 

.080 

1,800 

.400 

.360 

.327 

.300 

.257 

.225 

.200 

.180 

2,400 

.711 

.640 

.682 

.533 

.457 

.400 

.366 

.320 

3,000 

1.111 

1.000 

.909 

.833 

3,600 

1.600 

1.440 

1.309 

1.200 

1.029 

.900 

.800 

.720 

4,200 

2.178 

1.960 

1.782 

1.633 

1.400 

1.225 

1.089 

.980 

4,800 

2.844 

2.560 

2.327 

2.133 

1.829 

1.600 

1.422 

1.280 

6,000 

4.444 

4.000 

3.636 

3.333 

2.857 

2.500 

2.222 

2.000 

Diameter 

OF  Pipe  in  Inches 

Velocity  of  .Air 
Feet  per  Minute 

22 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

Loss  OF  Pressure  in  Ounces 

600 

.018 

.017 

.014 

.012 

.011 

.010 

.009 

.008 

1,200 

.073 

.067 

.057 

.060 

.044 

.040 

.036 

.033 

1,800 

.164 

.156 

.129 

.112 

.100 

.090 

.082 

.076 

2,400 

.291 

.267 

.239 

.200 

.178 

.160 

.145 

.133 

3,600 

.656 

.600 

.514 

.460 

.400 

.360 

.327 

.300 

4,200 

.891 

.817 

.700 

.612 

.544 

.490 

.445 

.408 

4,800 

1.164 

1.067 

.914 

.800 

.711 

.640 

.582 

.533 

6,000 

1.818 

1.667 

1.429 

1.250 

1.111 

1.000 

.909 

.833 

200 


t 


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EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Hydraulics 

Useful  Notes  for  Hydraulic  Calculations 


1  Cubic  foot  of  water .  62.3791 

1  Cubic  inch  of  water  .  .03612 

1  Gallon  of  water  .  8.338 

1  Gallon  of  water  .  231. 

1  Cubic  foot  of  water .  7.476 

1  Pound  of  water .  27.7 


The  above  data  is  calculated  for  distilled  water  at  40°  F. 


lbs. 


cubic  inches 
gallons 
cubic  inches 


Pressure  Determinations 

P  =  Pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch. 

H  =  Head  of  water  in  feet. 

P  =  H  X  .4335. 

H  =  P  X  2.307. 

Pressure  per  square  foot  =  H  X  62.425. 

Approximately,  every  foot  of  elevation  is  equal  to  p2  pound  pressure 
per  square  inch ;  this  allows  for  ordinary  friction. 

Speed  of  Water  should  not  exceed  100  feet  per  minute  with  700  pounds 
pressure. 

To  Find  the  Capacity  of  a  Cylinder  in  Gallons:  Multiplying  the 
area  in  inches  by  the  length  of  stroke  in  inches  will  give  the  total  num¬ 
ber  of  cubic  inches;  divide  this  amount  by  231  (which  is  the  cubical 

contents  of  a  gallon  in  inches)  and  the  product  is  the  capacity  in  gallons. 

To  Find  Quantity  of  Water  elevated  in  one  minute  running  at  100 

feet  of  piston  speed  per  minute.  Square  the  diameter  of  water  cylinder 

in  inches  and  multiply  by  four.  Capacity  of  a  five-inch  cylinder  is  desired ; 
the  square  of  the  diameter  (five  inches)  is  25,  which,  multiplied  by  four 
gives  100,  giving  gallons  discharged  per  minute  (approximately). 

To  Find  the  Diameter  of  a  Pump  Cylinder  to  Move  a  given 
quantity  of  water  per  minute  (100  feet  of  piston  travel  being  the  speed) 
divide  the  number  of  gallons  by  four,  then  extract  the  square  foot  and  the 
result  will  be  the  diameter  in  inches. 

To  Find  the  Pressure  in  Pounds  per  Square  Inch,  due  to  forcing 
a  given  quantity  of  water  through  a  certain  size  of  pipe  (table  of  friction 
of  water  in  pipes,  page  203).  Add  the  amount  of  this  friction  to  the 
pressure  due  to  the  height  of  which  water  is  to  be  forced ;  the  result  is  total 
water  pressure. 

The  Area  of  Steam  Piston  multiplied  by  the  steam  pressure  gives 
the  total  amount  of  pressure  exerted.  The  area  of  the  water  piston 
multiplied  by  the  pressure  of  water  per  square  inch  gives  the  resistance. 
A  margin  must  be  made  between  the  power  and  resistance  to  move  the 
pistons  at  the  required  speed ;  usually  estimated  at  from  25  to  50 
per  cent. 


202 


f 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


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EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


To  Find  the  Velocity  in  feet  per  minute  necessary  to  discharge  a 
given  column  of  water  in  a  given  time,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  of  water  by  144,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  area  of  pipe  in  inches. 

To  Find  the  Area  of  a  Required  Pipe,  the  volume  and  velocity  of 
water  being  given,  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  by  144,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute.  The  area  being 
found,  it  is  easy  to  get  the  diameter  of  pipe  necessary. 

The  Mean  Pressure  of  the  Atmosphere  is  estimated  at  14.7  pounds 
per  square  inch.  With  a  perfect  vacuum  at  sea  level,  it  will  therefore 
sustain  a  column  of  mercury  29.9  inches,  or  a  column  of  water  33.9  feet. 

The  friction  of  water  in  pipes  increases  with  the  square  of  its  velocity. 
The  capacity  of  pipe  increases  with  the  square  of  their  diameter,  thus 
doubling  the  diameter  increases  the  capacity  four  times. 

To  Find  the  Horse  Power  required  to  elevate  water  to  a  given 
height;  multiply  the  total  weight  of  the  water  in  pounds  by  the  height  in 
feet,  and  divide  the  product  by  33,000.  An  allowance  should  be  made  of 
25  per  cent  for  water  friction ;  also  about  25  per  cent  for  loss  in  steam 
pipe  and  cylinder. 

Capacity  of  Pipes:  A  pipe  one  yard  long  holds  as  many  pounds 
of  water  as  the  square  of  its  diameter,  in  inches.  Thus,  six-inch  pipe  holds 
36  pounds  of  water  in  each  yard  of  length. 

One  Miner’s  Inch  of  Water  equals  12  United  States  Gallons  per 
minute. 

A  common  water  pail  filled,  contains  19  pounds  of  water  and  equals 
2.272  United  States  Gallons. 


204 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Steam 


A  CUBIC  inch  of  water  under  ordinary  atmospheric  pressure  is  con¬ 
verted  into  one  cubic  foot  of  steam  (approximately). 


The  specific  gravity  of  steam  (at  atmospheric  pressure)  is  .411 


that  of  air  at  34°  F.,  and  .0006  that  of  water  at  same  temperature. 

Twenty-seven  and  two  hundred  and  twenty-two  thousandths  (27.222) 
cubic  feet  of  steam  weighs  one  pound;  13.817  cubic  feet  of  air  weighs  one 
pound. 

Saturated  Steam :  Steam  at  a  given  temperature  is  said  to  be 
saturated  when  it  is  of  maximum  density  for  that  temperature.  Steam  in 
contact  with  water  is  saturated  steam. 

Wet  or  Supersaturated  Steam:  Steam  which  has  water  (in  the 
form  of  small  drops)  suspended  in  it  is  called  wet  or  supersaturated 
steam.  If  wet  steam  be  heated  until  all  the  water  suspended  in  it  is 
evaporated,  it  is  said  to  be  dried. 

Superheated  Steam :  If  dry  saturated  steam  be  heated  when  not  in 
contact  with  water,  its  temperature  is  raised  and  its  density  diminished 
or  the  pressure  is  raised.  The  steam  is  then  said  to  be  superheated. 

Dryness  Fraction  of  Steam:  Let  W=  Weight  of  a  given  quantity  of 
wet  steam,  w  =  Weight  of  water  suspended  in  this  steam,  then  dryness 
,  .  W— w 


fraction  = 


W 


Under  ordinary  conditions  and  good  stoking,  the  dryness  fraction  is 
about  95%. 

A  Unit  of  Evaporation  is  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  evaporate 
one  pound  of  water  at  212°  into  steam  at  the  same  temperature,  and  is 
equal  to  965.8  B.  T.  U. 

One  horse  power  =  42.416  heat  units  per  minute  or  2,545  per  hour, 
equivalent  to  1,980,000  foot-pounds  of  work  done. 


Heat  Units 


(Foster) 


One  pound  of  water  evapor-  j 
ated  from  and  at  212°  F.  ’ 


0.283  K.  W.  hour. 
0.39  H.  P.  hour. 


;  966.  B.  T.  U. 

I  761,300.  Foot-pounds. 

(  .0664  lbs.  Carbon  oxidized  at  100%  Eff. 

2,545.  B.  T.  U. 


1  H.  P.  Hour. 


0.746  K.  W.  hours. 
1,980,000.  Foot-pounds. 


0.175  lbs.  Carbon  oxidized  at  100%  Eff. 


K.  W.  Hour. 


3,412.  B.  T.  U. 


.235  lbs.  Carbon  oxidized  at  100%  Eff. 
22.8  lbs.  water  raised  from  62°  to  212°  F. 
3.53  lbs.  water  evaporated  at  212°  F. 


2,654,200.  Foot-pounds. 


One  pound  carbon 
oxidized  at  100% 
efficiency. 


14,500.  B.  T.  U. 

1.11  lbs.  Anth.  Coal  oxidized  at  100%. 
2.5  lbs.  Dry  Wood  oxidized  at  100%. 
21.  Cubic  feet  Ilium.  Gas  at  100%. 
4.26  K.  W.  hours  at  100%  Eff. 

5.71  H.  P.  hours  at  100^  Eff. 


11,315,000.  Foot-pounds  at  100%  Eff. 

16.  lbs.  water  evaporated  at  212°  F. 


205 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


British  Thermal  Unit:  The  quantitive  measure  of  heat  is  the  British 
Thermal  Unit.  It  is  ordinarily  written  B.  T.  U.  and  is  the  quantity  of 
heat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  pound  of  pure  water  one 
degree  at  its  point  of  maximum  density,  viz. :  39.1  degrees  F.  In  the  metric 
system  the  unit  is  the  calorie  or  the  heat  necessary  to  raise  the  tempera¬ 
ture  of  a  kilogramme  of  water  one  degree  Centigrade  at  the  point  of 
maximum  density. 

Measure  of  Power 

The  unit  of  work  is  “the  foot-pound,”  which  is  a  pressure  of  one 
pound  exerted  through  a  space  of  one  foot. 

The  rate  of  work  is  “the  horse  power”  or  33,000  foot-pounds  per  minute 
=  1,980,000  foot-pounds  per  hour. 

The  unit  of  heat  is  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  raise  one  pound  of 
water  one  degree  from  39  degrees  to  40  degrees. 


206 


Properties  of  Saturated  Steam 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


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207 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Horse  Power:  The  term  horse  power  was  first  established  by  James 
Watt,  who  ascertained  that  a  strong  London  draught  horse  was  capable 
of  doing  work  for  a  short  interval  of  time  equivalent  to  lifting  33,000 
pounds  one  foot  high  in  one  minute. 

This  value  was  used  by  Watt  in  expressing  the  power  of  his  engines 
and  has  since  been  universally  adopted  in  mechanics.  The  expression 
foot-pounds  is  used  to  denote  the  unit  of  work,  and  is  the  force  required 
to  lift  a  weight  of  one  pound  through  a  space  of  one  foot. 

Horse  power  is  the  measure  of  the  rate  at  which  work  is  performed 
and  is  equal  to  33,000  pounds  lifted  one  foot  in  one  minute,  or  one  pound 
lifted  33,000  feet  in  one  minute,  or  one  pound  lifted  550  feet  in  one 
second,  therefore  one  horse  power  equals  550  foot-pounds  per  second. 


Horse  Power  of  an  Engine 


A  =  Area  of  the  piston  in  s(}uare  inches. 

P  =  Mean  effective  pressure  of  the  steam  on  the  piston  per  square  inch. 
V  =  Velocity  of  piston  per  minute. 


Then  H.  P. 


A  X  P  X  V 
33,000 


The  mean  pressure  in  the  cylinder  when  cutting  off  at 
%  stroke  =  boiler  pressure  multiplied  by  .697. 


Yi 

Yi. 


% 

Yat 


.670. 

.743. 

.847. 

.919. 

.937. 

.966. 

.992. 


To  find  the  diameter  of  a  cylinder  of  an  engine  of  a  required  nominal 
horse  power: 


5500 

V 


multiplied  by  H.  P. 


=  A. 


To  find  the  weight  of  the  rim  of  the  fly  wheel  for  an  engine  : 


_ Nominal  H.  P.  multiplied  by  2000. _ _ 

The  square  of  the  velocity  of  the  circumference  in  feet  per  second 


weight  in  cwt. 


Compound  engines  will  develop  a  horse  power  on  15  pounds  of  water. 

Single  condensing  engine  will  develop  a  horse  power  on  18  to  22  pounds 
of  water. 

Automatic  non-condensing  engine  will  develop  a  horse  power  on  28  to 
32  pounds  of  water. 

Slide-valve  throttle-governing  engine  wdll  develop  a  horse  pow’er  on  one 
cubic  foot,  or  62J/2  pounds  of  water. 

Steam  engines,  in  economy,  vary  from  14  to  60  pounds  of  feed  water, 
and  from  IJ/2  to  7  pounds  of  coal  per  hour  per  indicated  horse  power. 


208 


Cost  of  Coal  for  Steam  Power 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


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209 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Condensing  engines  require  from  20  to  30  gallons  of  water,  at  an 
average  low  temperature,  to  condense  the  steam  represented  by  every 
gallon  of  water  evaporated  in  the  boilers  supplying  the  engines,  approxi¬ 
mately  for  most  engines,  we  say,  from  1  to  1^  gallons  condensing  water 
per  minute,  per  indicated  horse  power. 

The  standard  rating  for  surface  condensers  is  to  allow  one  square 
foot  of  tube  surface  for  every  10  pounds  of  steam  condensed,  or  two  square 
feet  for  every  horse  power  in  compound  engines. 

In  order  to  maintain  a  good  working  vacuum,  the  condensed  water 
from  the  air  pump  should  not  exceed  120  degrees  to  130  degrees  F.  in 
temperature,  nor  the  discharged  circulating  water  110  degrees  to  120 
degrees  F. 

Ordinary  steam  engines  with  a  superheat  of  125  degrees  F.  on  a  pres¬ 
sure  of  100  pounds,  will  effect  a  saving  of  from  10  to  25%. 


Data  on  Steam  Boilers 

A  standard  boiler  horse  has  been  adopted  by  the  American  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  as  the  evaporation  of  30  pounds  of  water  per  hour 
from  the  temperatures  of  feed  water  100°  F.  into  steam  of  70  pounds 
pressure. 

Boilers  require  for  each  nominal  horse  power  about  one  cubic  foot  of 
feed  water  per  hour. 

The  best  designed  boilers,  well  set,  with  good  draft  and  skillful  firing, 
will  evaporate  from  7  to  10  pounds  of  water  per  pound  of  first-class  coal. 

On  one  square  foot  of  grate  can  be  burned  on  an  average  from  10  to  12 
pounds  of  hard  coal,  or  18  to  20  pounds  of  soft  coal  per  hour  with  natural 
draft.  With  forced  draft  nearly  double  these  amounts  can  be  burned. 
The  average  result  is  from  25  to  60%  below  this. 

In  calculating  horse  power  of  horizontal,  tubular,  or  flue  boilers,  con¬ 
sider  15  square  feet  of  heating  surface  equivalent  to  one  nominal  horse 
power. 

Firing:  Coal  of  a  depth  up  to  12  inches  is  more  effective  than  at  less 

depth.  Admission  of  air  above  the  grate  increases  evaporative  effect,  but 
diminisbes  the  rapidity  of  it.  Air  admitted  at  bridge-w’all  effects  a  better 
result  than  when  admitted  at  door,  and  when  in  small  volumes,  and  in 
streams  or  currents,  it  arrests  or  prevents  smoke.  It  may  be  admitted 
by  an  area  of  four  square  inches  per  square  foot  of  grate.  Combustion 
is  the  most  complete  with  firings  at  intervals  of  from  15  to  20  minutes. 

The  rate  of  combustion  in  a  furnace  is  computed  by  the  pounds  of 
fuel  consumed  per  square  foot  of  grate  per  hour. 

Consumption  of  fuel  averages  7^  pounds  of  coal  or  15  pounds  dry 
pine  wood  for  every  cubic  foot  of  water  evaporated. 

The  dimensions  or  size  of  coal  must  be  reduced  and  the  depth  of  the 
fire  increased  directly,  as  the  intensity  of  the  draught  is  increased. 


210 


I 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Fuels 


Fuels  may  be  solid,  liquid  or  gaseous.  Such  representatives  of 
each  class  as  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass  will  be  considered. 


Coal 

Coal  is  the  fossilized  remains  of  prehistoric  vegetable  growth.  In  its 
stages  from  vegetable  to  almost  pure  carbon  in  the  form  of  graphite,  it 
was  successively  changed  in  the  forms  given  in  the  following  table  which 
gives  the  approximate  chemical  changes. 


(Sterling) 


Substance 

Carbon 

Hydrogen 

Oxygen 

Wood  Fibre . 

52.65 

5.25 

42.10 

Peat . 

59.57 

5.96 

34.47 

Lignite . 

66.04 

5.27 

28.69 

Earthy  brown  coal . 

73.18 

5.58 

21.14 

Bituminous  coal . 

76.06 

5.84 

19.10 

Semi-Bituminous  coal  .  .  . 

89.29 

5.05 

6.66 

Anthracite  coal . 

91.58 

3.96 

4.46 

The  percentage  of  ash  and  moisture  vary  greatl}^.  The  ash  ranges 
from  3  to  30% ;  and  the  moisture  from  0.75  to  25%  of  the  total  weight 
of  the  coal,  depending  upon  the  locality  where  mined  and  the  grade. 

The  uncoml)ined  carbon  in  coal  is  known  as  ftxcd  carbon. 

There  is  also  some  carbon  combined  with  hydrogen,  and  this,  together 
with  other  gaseous  substances  driven  off  by  the  application  of  heat,  con¬ 
stitute  the  volatile  portion  of  the  fuel.  The  fixed  carbon  and  the  volatile 
matter  constitute  the  combustible,  the  other  important  ingredients  entering 
with  the  composition  of  coal  being  moisture,  and  the  refractory  earths 
which  form  the  ash.  A  large  percentage  of  ash  is  undesirable,  because  it 
not  only  reduces  the  calorific  value  of  tlie  fuel,  but  in  the  furnace  clogs 
up  the  air  passages  and  prevents  the  rapid  combustion  necessary  to  high 
efficiency.  If  the  coal  also  contains  an  e.xcessive  quantity  of  sulphur, 
trouble  will  be  experienced  because  sulphur  unites  with  the  ash  to  form  a 
fusable  slag  or  clinker  which  chokes  up  the  grate  bars  and  forms  a  solid 
mass,  having  imbedded  in  it  large  quantities  of  unconsumed  carbon. 
Moisture  in  coal  is  more  detrimental  than  ash  in  lowering  furnace  tem¬ 
peratures,  because  it  is  not  only  non-combustible,  but  it  absorbs  heat  when 
it  evaporates  and  is  superheated  to  the  temperature  of  the  stack  gases. 

Coal-  Grade  Divisions 

In  designing  furnaces,  etc.,  for  a  particular  quality  of  coal,  the  ques¬ 
tion  is  likely  to  arise  as  to  what  is  anthracite  or  what  is  bituminous. 
The  division  between  the  different  grades  is  largely  empirical.  That 
given  by  Kent  is  more  generally  satisfactory,  and  is  as  follows  : 

Anthracite  ^All  coal  with  less  than  7.5  per  cent  volatile  matter 
in  combustible. 

Semi- Anthracite  All  coal  with  7.5  per  cent  to  12.5  per  cent  volatile 
matter  in  combustible. 


211 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Semi-Bituminous — All  coal  with  12.5  per  cent  to  25  per  cent  volatile 
matter  in  combustible. 

Bituminous — All  coal  with  25  per  cent  to  50  per  cent  volatile  matter 
in  combustible. 

Lignite.  All  coal  with  more  than  50  per  cent  volatile  matter  in 
combustible. 


Average  weight  of  one  cubic  foot : 

Bituminous  . 52  pounds. 

Anthracite  . 54  pounds. 

Average  weight  of  one  bushel  containing  2,500  cubic  inches : 

Bituminous  . 75  pounds. 

Anthracite  . 78  pounds. 


Specific  gravity : 


Bituminous  . 1.40 

Anthracite  . 1.70 


Average  bulk  of  one  ton  (2.240  pounds)  : 

Bituminous  . 43  cubic  feet. 

Anthracite  . 41.5  cubic  feet. 


Analyses  of  Coals 

With  Special  Reference  to  Fuel  for  Use  in  Gas  Producers 

The  desirable  qualities  of  gas  coal  are,  a  high  percentage  of  Volatile 
Combustible  Matter,  and  low  percentage  of  Moisture,  Ash  and  Sulphur. 
Moisture  absorbs  a  portion  of  the  heat  developed  to  vaporize  it;  Ash 
represents  the  non-combustible  matter,  and  Sulphur,  while  it  is  com¬ 
bustible,  is  injurious  to  the  furnaces  and  glassware. 

The  analyses  of  coals,  being  made  of  pure,  clean  lump  coals,  do  not 
indicate  the  amount  of  slate  and  earthy  substances  mixed  with  them,  which 
would  increase  the  percentage  of  ash  and  clinker,  or  non-combustible 
matter.  For  this  reason  the  general  run-of-mine  may  be  much  inferior 
in  quality  to  the  sample  analysis. 

The  advisability  of  using  Slack  depends  upon  its  cost  entirely  and 
quality  as  compared  with  the  cost  and  quality  of  mine-run  coal.  The 
coal  that  gives  the  best  net  result  is  cheapest ;  it  often  happens  that  mine- 
run  coal  at  a  higher  price  is  cheaper  than  slack,  for  the  reason  that  a 
larger  volume  and  a  better  quality  of  gas  is  produced,  which  more  than 
covers  the  difference  in  cost.  Especially  is  this  true  where  freight  is  the 
greater  part  of  the  cost  of  coal. 

The  analyses  given  on  following  page  have  been  obtained  from  various 
sources,  some  direct  from  the  chemists,  others  from  the  coal  companies, 
and  we  have  reason  to  believe  they  are  correct : 


212 


I 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Analyses  of  Coals — Continued 


Name 

Total 

Combus¬ 

tible 

Matter 

Volatile 

Combus¬ 

tible 

Matter 

Fixed 

Carbon 

Mois¬ 

ture 

Ash 

!  Sulphur 

Pennsylvania  Coals: 

Monongahela  River  (x) 

88.69 

36.75 

51.93 

7.07 

' 

Westmoreland,  Pa . 

94.00 

36.00 

58.00 

6.00 

1.50 

Youghiogheny  River  (x) 

95.23 

39.54 

55.69 

.20 

4.05 

.52 

Indiana  Coals: 

No.  1  . 

84.46 

40.25 

44.21 

7.57 

7.97 

4.01 

“  2  . 

83.85 

36.45 

47.40 

12.73 

3.42 

,  .55 

“  3  . 

82.27 

38.82 

43.45 

'  8.63 

9.05 

t  2.57 

“  4  . 

82.63 

42.23 

40.40 

5.89 

11.48 

>  5.88 

“  5  . 

85.27 

36.11 

49.16 

11.20 

3.53 

.62 

“  6  (x)  . 

93.50 

37.00 

56.50 

2.50 

4.00 

1  . 

“  7  . 

90.00 

41.00 

49.00 

2.50 

7.50 

[ 

* 

“  8  . 

92.00 

44.50 

47.50 

4.50 

3.50 

“  9  . 

88.00 

44.00 

44.00 

3.50 

8.50 

“  10  (x)  . 

95.88 

38.62 

57.26 

2.52 

1.50 

.... 

.46 

“11  . 

88.36 

43.07 

45.29 

6.47 

1.85 

3.32 

“  12  . 

84.55 

39.47 

45.08 

13.40 

1.55 

1.36 

Kentucky  Coals: 

Mined  near 

Huntington,  W.  Va. 

Ashland  C.  &  I.  Co.  (x) 

89.94 

59.92 

50.02 

4.48 

5.58 

.99 

Hymans  Bank . 

87.91 

35.62 

52.29 

5.38 

4.71 

Mulligans  Bank . 

90.00 

34.93 

56.07 

5.71 

3.29 

Michigan  Coals: 

Saginaw  Coal  Co . 

88.62 

37.89 

50.73 

7.60 

3.77 

.99 

Southern  Illinois: 

Carterville  Mines . 

85.97 

24.97 

61.00 

7.99 

5.48 

.56 

Mission  Field  (x ) . 

82.65 

44.50 

38.15 

4.37 

10.38 

2.60 

Glen  Carbon  No.  2. . . . 

80.02 

36.84 

43.18 

3.86 

12.22 

3.90 

West  Virginia  Coals: 

Kanawha  River, 

Black  Brand  (x ) . 

96.07 

38.59 

57.48 

2.24 

1.70 

.22 

Keystone  . 

94.73 

35.41 

59.32 

1.19 

4.08 

.967 

Montana  (x) . 

93.35 

36.78 

56.57 

1.42 

4.52 

.71 

Despard . 

93.30 

40.00 

53.30 

6.70 

Monongah . 

95.69 

37.08 

58.61 

1.24 

3.08 

.487 

Ohio  Coals: 

1 

Forsythe  Mine, 

Guernsev  Co . 

86.62 

32.54 

54.08 

1.02 

7.35 

5  01 

Imperial  Mine 

1 

1 

(Guernsey)  . 

91.10 

34.78 

56.32 

3.97 

4.93 

.79 

Hocking  Valley 

Average . 

94.04 

38.00 

56.04 

5.62  i 

5.96 

.98 

Hocking  Valley 

Phosphorous . 

.015- 

-B.  T.  U.  12761 

Samples  marked  (x)  we  consider  the  best  from  each  district  for  use  in  fuel  gas  producers. 


Oil 

Petroleum  is  practically  the  only  oil' which  is  sufficiently  abundant  and 
cheap  to  be  used  as  fuel  in  furnaces.  It  possesses  many  advantages  over 
solid  fuels.  There  are  three  kinds  of  petroleum  in  use,  namely  those 
which  on  distillation  yield:  (1)  paraffin;  (2)  asphalt;  (3)  olefin. 


213 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


To  the  first  group  belong  the  oils  of  the  Appalachian  Range  and  Middle 
West.  They  are  dark  brown  with  greenish  tinge.  Upon  distillation  they 
yield  such  a  variety  of  light  oils  that  their  value  is  too  great  to  permit 
their  general  use  as  fuels. 

To  the  second  group  belong  the  oils  from  Texas  and  California.  These 
vary  from  reddish  brown  to  jet  black,  and  are  used  mostly  for  fuel. 

The  third  group  comprises  oils  from  Russia,  which  are  also  used 
more  extensively  for  fuel  than  for  any  other  purpose. 

In  general,  fuel  oils  consist  mostly  of  hydrogen  and  carbon,  but  contain 
small  percentages  of  sulphur,  nitrogen,  arsenic,  phosphorous  and  silt. 
They  also  contain  water  varying  from  less  than  one  per  cent  up  to  50 
per  cent,  depending  upon  the  care  that  has  been  taken  to  remove  the 
water  which  accompanies  the  oil  when  pumped  from  the  well.  Here, 
as  in  all  other  fuels,  the  percentage  of  water  effects  the  available  heat 
of  the  oil,  hence  contracts  for  purchase  of  oil  should  limit  the  content  of 
water,  else  sufficient  tankage  should  be  provided  to  enable  most  of  the 
water  to  be  settled  out  of  the  oil  before  it  is  burned. 

The  specific  gravity  (Foster)  of  petroleum  ranges  from  .628  to  .792. 

The  boiling  point  ranges  from  80°  to  495°  F.  The  total  heating  power 
ranges  from  26,975  to  28,087  units  of  heat,  equivalent  to  the  evaporation, 
at  212°  of  from  24.17  to  25.17  pounds  of  water  supplied  at  62°  or  from 
27.92  to  29.08  pounds  of  water  supplied  at  212°. 

Petroleum  possesses  the  following  advantages  over  coal : 

(1)  Much  lower  cost  for  handling,  as  the  oil  is  fed  by  simple,  mechani¬ 
cal  means,  the  cost  of  stoking,  removing  ashes,  etc.,  is  eliminated. 

(2)  For  equal  heat  value  oil  occupies  less  space  than  coal,  and  the 
storage  space  may  be  at  considerable  distance  from  the  furnace  without 
detriment. 

(3)  Can  be  burned  with  less  waste  than  coal.  In  practice,  a  barrel  of 
crude  petroleum  (42  gallons),  weighing  319  pounds,  is  equal  to  478  pounds 
of  good  coal. 

(4)  Intensity  of  fire  can  be  almost  instantly  regulated  to  conform 
to  the  demands  made  by  the  conditions  of  the  furnace  and  its  contents. 

(5)  Oil  does  not,  like  coal,  deteriorate  with  age  when  stored. 

(6)  Reduction  in  working  force,  and  freedom  from  dust,  dirt  and 
smoke,  thereby  permitting  the  production  of  a  better  grade  of  glass. 

The  disadvantages  of  oil  are : 

(1)  It  must  have  a  high  flash  point  to  minimize  danger  of  explosions. 

(2)  City  or  town  ordinances  may  impose  oppressive  conditions  re¬ 
garding  location  and  isolation  of  oil  tanks. 

(3)  The  natural  supply  of  oil  falls  so  far  short  of  the  demand  that  it 
can  only  be  obtained  with  difficulty ;  consequently  it  cannot  come  into 
general  use. 

The  character  of  fuel  oil  in  various  parts  of  the  country  varies  with 
the  question  of  supply  and  demand  in  a  particular  community,  and  the 


214 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


nearest  shipping  point  of  oil  best  suited  for  the  purposes.  That  is,  in 
cases  where  the  use  of  fuel  oil  is  imperative  and  crude  oil  cannot  readily 
be  obtained,  it  is  customary  to  supply  a  better  grade  of  oil  than  is  neces¬ 
sary,  in  order  to  meet  the  emergency. 

Theoretically  a  pound  of  oil  is  equivalent  in  heat  units  to  two  pounds 
of  coal,  but  in  practice  the  thermal  equivalent  of  one  pound  of  oil  is  one 
and  one-half  pounds  of  coal. 

Oil  is  marketed  on  the  gallon  basis ;  shipment  being  made  in  barrels 
and  tank  cars. 


Weight  and  Volume  of  Crude  Petroleums 


Pound 

U.  S. 

Liquid  Gallon 

Barrel 

Gross  Ton 

1. 

.13158 

.0031328 

.0004464 

7.6 

1. 

.02381 

.003393 

319.2 

42. 

1. 

.1425 

2240. 

294.72 

7.017 

1. 

Gas 

In  the  field  of  glass  manufacture  both  natural  and  producer  gas  are 
used  for  melting  and  heating  purposes. 

Natural  gas  is  pumped  from  wells  to  the  point  where  it  is  to  be  used, 
a  pressure  reducing  station  interposed  between  source  and  consumer. 

The  weight  of  natural  gas  is  about  45.6  pounds  per  1,000  cubic  feet 
under  standard  conditions.  The  composition  varies  considerably,  even  in 
the  same  field. 

Owing  to  the  greater  thermal  efficiency  obtained  in  the  burning  of 
natural  gas  as  compared  with  coal,  about  20,000  cubic  feet  of  natural  gas 
is,  in  practice,  equivalent  to  2,000  pounds  of  coal. 

Natural  Gas  at  six  cents  per  thousand  cubic  feet  will  be  equal  in  heating 
value  to  coal  which  evaporates  seven  pounds  of  water  per  pound  and 
costs  $1.12  per  ton. 

Producer  Gas  is  gradually  replacing  natural  gas  in  the  glass  manufac¬ 
turing  field. 

To  the  interested  reader  we  submit  the  following  excellent  article  on 
the  subject  of  commercial  gas: 


216 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Commercial  Gases  for  Fuel  and 
Power  Purposes 

(Read  Before  Engineers’  Society  of  Western  Pennsylvania) 

A  Few  Words  Concerning  Gas 

By  Alexander  AI.  Gow 

The  following  pages  are  for  the  general  information  of  those  users 
of  gas  who  desire  to  obtain  a  speaking  acquaintance  with  the  sub¬ 
ject.  Technical  refinements  have  been  avoided.  Values  are  given 
in  round  numbers,  easy  to  remember,  not  always  scientifically  accurate, 
but  sufficiently  so  for  purposes  of  ordinary  calculations. 

For  further  information  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  extensive  litera¬ 
ture  on  the  subject;  this  is  but  the  alphabet. 

The  Constituents  of  Commercial  Gases 

By  the  term  “gas,”  as  used  commercially,  a  mixture  of  various  gases 
is  generally  understood.  The  relative  proportions  in  which  these  constitu¬ 
ent  gases  appear  in  a  commercial  gas  depend  upon  the  method  of  manu¬ 
facture  and  the  raw  materials  used.  The  methods  of  manufacture  are 
many.  The  raw  materials  consist  of  air,  water,  and  any  carbonaceous 
matter,  such  as  coal,  coke,  wood,  oil  or  garbage.  Given  these  raw  materials, 
various  commercial  gases  can  be  produced  which  differ  from  each 
other  in  the  proportions  of  their  constituent  gases.  These  constituent 
gases  are  as  follows :  Hydrogen,  oxygen,  nitrogen,  carbonic  oxide,  car¬ 
bonic  acid,  marsh  gas  and  olefiant  gas.  Sulphur  also  appears  in  small 
quantities  and  is  an  objectionable  impurity.  For  the  sake  of  brevity  and 
convenience,  certain  symbols  have  been  adopted  to  designate  these  gases. 
The  symbol  of  a  chemical  combination  tells  at  a  glance  the  proportions 
of  the  different  elements  that  have  united  to  form  it.  A  knowledge  of 
the  atomic  and  molecular  weights  of  the  elements  make  it  a  simple  matter 
of  arithmetic  to  calculate  how  many  pounds  of  each  element  are  in  a 
given  weight  of  the  combination.  For  instance,  the  symbol  for  carbonic 
acid  is  CO 2.  This  shows  that  one  atom  of  carbon  (symbol  C)  has  united 
with  one  molecule  of  oxygen  (symbol  O2).  to  form  one  molecule  of 
carbonic  acid  (CO2).  The  atomic  weight  of  carbon  is  twelve  and  the 
molecular  weight  of  oxygen  is  32.  Using  the  symbols  in  the  form  of  an 
equation : 

C  +  O2  =  CO.,,  or  in  pounds 
12  -  32  =  44 

That  is  to  say,  12  pounds  of  carbon  unite  with  32  pounds  of  oxygen 
and  form  44  pounds  of  carbonic  acid.  Or,  dividing  through  by  12,  one 
pound  of  carbon  unites  with  two  and  two-thirds  pounds  of  oxj'gen  to  pro¬ 
duce  three  and  two-thirds  pounds  of  carbonic  acid.  The  symbol  of  olefiant 
gas  is  C2  H4.  Two  atoms  of  carbon  have  united  with  four  atoms  (or  two 
molecules)  of  hydrogen.  Expressing  this  in  symbols : 

2  C  “  2  Hj  =  C2  H4,  or  in  pounds 
24  -  4  =  28 


216 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


showing  that  28  pounds  of  olefiant  gas  contain  24  pounds  of  carbon  and 
4  pounds  of  hydrogen.  With  this  explanation  of  the  use  of  symbols, 
let  us  consider  the  characteristics  of  the  various  gases,  which,  mixed  to¬ 
gether,  go  to  make  up  a  manufactured  gas. 

Hydrogen :  Atomic  symbol,  H.  Atomic  weight,  I.  Molecular  symbol, 
H.  Molecular  weight,  2.  Hydrogen  is  so  light  that  it  has  been  adopted 
as  the  standard  by  which  to  weigh  all  other  elements.  When  the  atomic 
weight  of  hydrogen  is  given  as  1,  and  that  of  oxygen  as  16,  it  means  that 
for  equal  volumes  at  the  same  temperatures  and  pressure,  oxygen  is  16 
times  as  heavy  as  hydrogen.  In  the  case  of  both  oxygen  and  hydrogen  two 
atoms  of  each  combine  to  form  one  molecule  of  each,  but  the  ratio  of 
weights  remains  the  same,  16  to  1.  Hydrogen  uniting  with  oxygen  burns 
with  a  blue  flame,  producing  water  in  the  form  of  water  vapor.  The 
formula  for  this  reaction  is  : 

H^  -L  ()  =  Ha  O,  or  in  pounds 

2  -  16  =  18 

Two  pounds  of  hydrogen  burn  with  16  pounds  of  oxygen  to  form  18 
pounds  of  water.  The  formula  also  shows  the  relative  volume  of  each 
gas  that  has  entered  into  combination.  Two  cubic  feet  of  hydrogen  unite 
with  one  cubic  foot  of  oxygen.  Of  course  the  volume  of  water  vapor 
produced  will  depend  upon  its  temperature,  and  if  it  be  condensed  to  water 
there  will  be  but  a  small  quantity  produced  by  burning  two  cubic  feet  of 
hydrogen  with  one  cubic  foot  of  oxygen.  But  the  weight  of  water  is  of 
course  equal  to  the  combined  weights  of  the  gases  that  formed  it.  The 
heat  evolved  by  burning  one  cubic  foot  of  hydrogen  with  one-half  a  cubic 
foot  of  oxygen  is  sufficient  to  raise  the  temperature  of  320  pounds  of 
water  one  degree  F.  A  British  thermal  unit  is  the  amount  of  heat  required 
to  raise  one  pound  of  water  one  degree  F.  The  abbreviation  used  is 
B.  T.  U.  Consequently  hydrogen  has  a  calorific  or  heating  value  of  320 
B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot. 

Now,  the  atmosphere,  which  is  the  source  of  oxygen  for  combustion, 
contains  20  cubic  feet  of  oxygen  to  80  cubic  feet  of  nitrogen.  But  for 
purposes  of  combustion  the  oxygen  cannot  be  separated  from  the  nitrogen. 
Consequently,  for  each  cubic  foot  of  oxygen  required,  four  cubic  feet  of 
nitrogen  go  along,  or  five  cubic  feet  of  air.  So  when  two  cubic  feet  of 
hydrogen  are  burned  with  one  cubic  foot  of  oxygen,  five  cubic  feet  of  air 
must  be  supplied.  This  is  the  theoretical  requirement ;  as  a  question  of 
fact,  to  insure  complete  combustion  in  practice,  it  is  necessary  to  supply 
more  oxygen,  consequently  more  air,  than  this  theoretical  amount.  In 
most  commercial  gases  hydrogen  appears  either  as  free  hydrogen  or  com¬ 
bined  with  carbon  to  form  what  is  known  as  “hydrocarbon.”  The  term 
“hydrocarbon”  covers  an  almost  unlimited  number  of  compounds,  gaseous, 
vaporous,  liquid  and  solid.  In  general,  a  “heavy  hydrocarbon”  contains 
more  carbon  than  a  “light  hydrocarbon.”  As  a  rule,  if  a  “heavy  hydro¬ 
carbon”  is  subjected  to  heat,  in  the  absence  of  oxygen,  a  “light  hydro¬ 
carbon”  is  driven  off  and  carbon  deposited.  The  application  of  heat  to  a 
“heavy  hydrocarbon,”  whether  solid  or  liquid,  may  evolve  “lighter  hydro¬ 
carbons”  both  vapors  and  gases,  and  a  residue  of  a  solid  “heavy  hydro- 


217 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


carbon"  or  pure  carbon  may  be  left  beliind  as  a  final  product.  This  process 
of  subjecting  a  "heavy  hydrocarbon"  to  heat  in  the  absence  of  oxygen,  to 
evolve  "lighter  hydrocarbons”  is  called  distillation.  Oil  gas  is  made  by 
this  process  from  crude  oil.  Crude  oil  is  a  mixture  of  various  “heavy 
hydrocarbons.”  When  heat  is  applied  “lighter  hydrocarbons"  in  the  form 
of  gases  and  vapors  are  evolved.  And,  if  the  heat  he  sufficiently  high,  these 
gases  and  vapors  may  he  still  further  broken  up  into  free  hydrogen  and 
carbon,  wliich  latter  will  l)e  deposited  as  free  carl)on  or  lamp  black.  When 
hydrogen  (H)  appears  in  the  analysis  of  a  commercial  gas  it  is  to  be  con¬ 
sidered  as  a  desirable  constituent,  owing  to  its  calorific  value  and  the  ease 
with  which  it  burns  to  water. 

Oxygen.  Atomic  symbol,  O.  Atomic  weight,  16.  Molecular  symbol, 
O^.  Molecular  w^eight,  32.  One-hftb  of  the  volume  of  the  air  is  oxygen, 
O.  It  combines  with  nearh-  all  other  elements  and  heat  is  evolved  by 
the  combination.  It  is  the  “supporter  of  combustion.”  In  commercial 
gases  it  appears  only  in  small  quantities  as  free  o.xygen  (O^)  rarely  more 
than  two  or  three  per  cent.  But  combined  with  carbon  it  forms  a  large 
constituent  of  most  of  them,  appearing  in  carbonic  acid,  (CO,)  and  in 
carbonic  oxide  (CO).  When  free  oxygen  (02  1  appears  in  the  analysis 
of  a  gas  it  is  not  to  be  considered  as  having  any  heating  value.  To  the 
extent  that  it  appears  just  that  much  less  oxygen  will  have  to  be  sup¬ 
plied  from  the  air  to  burn  the  gas. 

Nitrogen.  Atomic  symbol,  N.  Atomic  weight,  14.  Molecular  symbol, 
N2.  Molecular  weight,  28.  About  80  per  cent  of  the  volume  of  the  atmos¬ 
phere  is  nitrogen  (N2).  It  is  extremely  inert.  In  this  respect  it  is 
the  opposite  of  oxygen.  Only  with  difficulty  can  it  be  made  to  combine 
with  other  elements.  It  is  evident  that  when  air  is  one  of  the  raw 
materials  used  in  gas  making  that  the  gas  made  must  contain  the  inert 
nitrogen  (N2).  When  it  appears  in  the  analysis  of  a  commercial  gas  it  is 
to  be  considered  only  as  a  diluent,  having  no  heating  value,  retarding  the 
comhustion  of  the  other  gases  and  reducing  the  calorific  value  of  the  whole. 

Carbonic  Acid.  Symbol,  CO2.  Molecular  w'cight,  44.  Also  known 
as  carbon  dioxide  and  carbonic  anhydride.  When  carbon  and  oxygen  are 
brought  together  at  sufficiently  high  temperature  to  start  combustion  they 
burn  to  carbonic  acid  (CO2).  Heat  must  be  supplied  to  start  the  union, 
but  once  started,  heat  is  liberated.  The  combustion  of  one  pound  of  carbon 
to  carbonic  acid  evolves  14,500  B.  T.  U.  Expressed  in  symbols: 

C  •  O2  =  CO2 

12  32  =  44,  or  dividing  by  12 

One  lb.  carbon  +  2%  lbs.  oxygen  =  3%  lbs.  CO2  =  14,500  B.  T.  U. 

When  carbonic  acid  appears  in  the  analysis  of  a  mixed  gas  it  is  to  be 
considered  as  valueless  as  nitrogen.  It  has  no  power  to  produce  heat.  It 
is  hurnt  carhon,  a  dead,  inert  gas,  acting  only  as  a  diluent  and  reducing 
the  calorific  value  of  the  mixture. 

Carbonic  Oxide.  Symbol,  CO.  Molecular  weight,  28.  Also  known  as 
carhon  monoxide.  As  said  before,  wdien  carbon  and  oxygen  combine, 
carbonic  acid  (CO2)  is  formed.  But  if  there  is  an  excess  of  carhon  or  what 


218 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


is  the  same  thing,  an  insufficiency  of  oxygen,  then  carbonic  oxide  (CO)  is 
formed.  Expressed  in  symbols  : 

C  +  O  =  CO,  or  in  pounds 
12  +  16  =  28,  or  dividing  by  twelve 

one  pound  of  carbon  unites  with  one  and  one-third  pounds  of  oxygen 
to  form  two  and  one-third  pounds  of  carbonic  oxide,  and  4,250  B.  T.  U. 
are  liberated  by  this  union.  But  we  saw  previously  that  one  pound  of 
carbon  burnt  to  carbonic  acid  liberates  14,500  B.  T.  U.  By  comparison  then, 

1  lb.  carbon  -h  2>^  lbs.  oxygen  =  3%  lbs.  CO2  14,600  B.  T.  U. 

1  lb.  carbon  -f  1>^  lbs.  oxygen  =  2^  lbs.  CO  4,260  B.  T.  U. 

Difference  in  burning  1  lb.  carbon  to  CO  and  CO2  10,260  B.  T.  U. 

It  is  thus  evident  that  if  one  pound  of  carbon  be  burnt  with  an  insuffi¬ 
cient  supply  of  ox3'gen  and  the  resulting  carbonic  acid  not  burnt,  over  two- 
thirds  of  the  heating  value  of  the  carbon  is  lost.  This  frequently  happens 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent  when  coal  is  improperly  burnt  under  boilers 

with  an  insufficient  supply  of  air,  owing  to  poor  draft,  bad  firing  or  im¬ 

proper  design  of  boiler  furnace.  It  is  not  a  difficult  matter  to  make  an 
analysis  of  the  gases  passing  up  the  stack  to  determine  the  percentage 
of  carbonic  acid,  carbonic  oxide  and  free  oxygen.  If  there  is  any  carbonic 
oxide  it  is  positive  evidence  of  a  useless  waste  of  fuel. 

It  has  been  explained  that  carbonic  acid  (CO2)  is  the  result  of  the 

complete  combustion  of  carbon;  whereas  carbonic  oxide  (CO)  is  the 

result  of  its  partial  combustion.  It  follows  therefore  that  carbonic  oxide 
can  be  burnt  to  carbonic  acid.  In  formula  C0-|-0  =  C02.  This  union 
evolves  heat.  But  if,  at  high  temperature,  carbonic  acid  (CO2)  is  brought 
into  contact  with  carbon,  the  reaction  is  reversed  and  one  cubic  foot  of 
carbonic  acid  (CO2)  takes  up  more  carbon  to  form  two  cubic  feet  of 
carbonic  oxide  (CO).  Expressing  this  in  formula: 

CO2  +  C  =  2  CO 

But  this  is  the  reverse  of  combustion.  Consequently  this  reaction  in 
place  of  evolving  heat  requires  heat.  It  cannot  take  place  unless  heat  is 
supplied.  A  reaction  that  evolves  heat  is  said  to  be  exothermic.  One  that 
absorbs  heat  is  said  to  be  endothermic.  The  combination  of  carbon  and 
oxygen  to  form  carbonic  acid  is  therefore  exothermic ;  while  the  combina¬ 
tion  of  carbonic  acid  and  carbon  to  form  carbonic  oxide  is  endothermic. 
Consequently,  if  carbonic  acid  (CO2)  be  passed  into  a  red  hot  body  of 
coke  the  carbonic  acid  will  be  transformed  into  carbonic  oxide  (CO). 
Heat  will  be  rapidly  absorbed  and  the  body  of  coke  cooled  down  until  a 
temperature  of  about  1,500°  E.  is  reached,  when  the  reaction  will  cease. 
It  follows,  of  course,  that  if  the  carbonic  oxide  thus  formed  be  again 
given  more  oxygen,  it  will  burn  to  carbonic  acid  and  the  absorbed  heat 
again  liberated.  In  a  gas  producer  the  oxygen  of  the  air  entering  the 
bottom  of  the  fuel  bed  is  first  converted  into  carbonic  acid  with  the 
liberation  of  much  heat  at  high  temperature.  But  as  this  hot  carbonic 
acid  passes  up  through  the  fuel  bed  it  meets  more  carbon  and  is  converted 
into  carbonic  oxide  (CO).  This  will  be  discussed  further  under  the  head 
of  producer  gas.  Carbonic  oxide  is  a  very  poisonous  gas,  producing  as¬ 
phyxiation  when  inhaled.  It  is  a  desirable  constituent  of  a  commercial  gas. 


219 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


One  cubic  foot  burnt  with  one-half  cubic  foot  of  oxygen  produces  one 
cubic  foot  of  carbonic  acid.  This  union  evolves  heat.  Carbonic  oxide  has 
the  same  calorific  value  as  hydrogen,  320  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  Conse¬ 
quently  in  a  commercial  gas  it  may  be  considered  as  having  equal  value 
with  hydrogen. 

Marsh  Gas.  Symbol  CH4.  Molecular  weight,  16.  Also  known  as 
methane.  This  gas  is  given  off  in  variable  quantities  when  bituminous 
coal  or  crude  oil  is  subjected  to  heat.  It  is  also  the  main  constituent 
of  natural  gas  and  forms  a  large  percentage  of  “fire  damp”  in  coal  mines. 
When  heated  in  the  absence  of  oxygen  it  readily  breaks  up  into  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  the  carbon  being  deposited  as  lamp  black  or  appearing  as 
black  smoke.  If  sufficient  oxygen  be  present  the  carbon  burns  to  car¬ 
bonic  acid  and  the  hydrogen  to  water.  If  there  be  not  sufficient  oxygen 
present  the  hydrogen  will  burn  first  and  some  of  the  carbon  will  be 
deposited,  while  the  gas  will  burn  with  a  smoky  flame.  The  peculiar 
pungent  odor  so  often  noticeable  when  natural  gas  is  used  for  heating  is 
due  to  the  incomplete  combustion  of  marsb  gas.  The  remedy  in  such  cases 
is  to  supply  more  air  or  so  arrange  the  burner  that  a  more  intimate  mixture 
of  air  and  gas  shall  be  obtained.  Marsh  gas  has  a  very  high  calorific 
value,  the  combustion  of  one  cubic  foot  evolving  1,000  B.  T.  U.,  or  more 
than  three  times  as  much  as  the  same  volume  of  hydrogen  or  carbonic 
oxide.  Consequently  it  is  a  desirable  constituent  of  a  commercial  gas.  It 
does  not  burn  as  rapidly  as  hydrogen  or  carbonic  oxide  because  before  it  can 
be  burnt  it  must  be  broken  up  into  its  constituent  carbon  and  hydrogen. 
This  fact  makes  it  a  particularly  desirable  constituent  of  a  gas  for.  use 
in  gas  engines.  Its  presence  retards  tbe  combustion  of  the  entire  mixture 
and  lessens  the  liability  to  pre-ignition  and  back  firing. 

To  burn  one  cubic  foot  of  marsh  gas  there  are  required  two  cubic  feet 
of  oxygen,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  formula : 

CH^  +  2  0,  =  CO,  4  2  H,  O 

But  as  air  is  one-fifth  oxygen,  10  cubic  feet  of  air  are  required.  In 
practice  it  is  always  necessary  to  supply  more  than  the  theoretical  quantity 
of  air  to  insure  complete  combustion.  Practice  has  shown  that  at  least 
12  cubic  feet  of  air  should  be  supplied  for  each  foot  of  gas  and  in  many 
cases  this  amount  should  be  in  flame,  but  its  luminosity  is  not  sufficient 
to  warrant  its  distribution  as  an  illuminating  gas. 

Olefiant  Gas.  Symbol  C,  H4.  Molecular  weight,  28.  Also  known  as 
ethylene.  This  gas,  like  marsh  gas,  is  evolved  when  bituminous  coal  or 
oil  is  subjected  to  beat.  It  burns  with  an  intensely  luminous  flame.  If  the 
luminosity  of  marsh  gas  be  taken  as  5  candle  power  the  luminosity  of 
olefiant  gas  is  70  candle  power.  Consequently  a  mixture  of  gases  that 
burn  with  a  blue  or  slightly  luminous  flame  can  be  rendered  luminous 
by  the  addition  of  a  few  per  cent  of  olefiant  gas.  It  has  a  calorific  value 
of  1,600  B.  T.  U.  or  five  times  that  of  hydrogen.  Like  marsh  gas,  it 
burns  to  carbonic  acid  and  water,  but  as  it  contains  more  carbon  than 
does  marsh  gas,  more  oxygen  is  required  to  burn  it.  One  cubic  foot  of 
olefiant  gas,  burnt  with  three  cubic  feet  of  oxygen,  produces  water  vapor 
and  two  cubic  feet  of  carbonic  acid. 


220 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


.  By  formula : 

C2  H  j  -1^  3  O2  =  2  CO2  +  2  H2  O,  or  by  weight 
28  --  96  =  88  +  36 

That  is  to  say,  28  pounds  of  olefiant  gas  uniting  with  96  pounds  of 
oxygen  produce  88  pounds  of  carbonic  acid  and  36  pounds  of  water.  Of 
course,  it  is  to  be  understood,  that  the  products  of  combustion  in  addition 
to  the  carbonic  acid  and  water  vapor  formed,  must  contain  four  cubic  feet 
of  nitrogen  for  every  cubic  foot  of  oxygen  supplied.  In  the  analysis  of 
a  commercial  gas  olefiant  gas  appears  only  in  small  quantities,  rarely  more 
than  six  per  cent.  On  this  account  it  cuts  but  little  figure  in  a  gas  used 
for  power  purposes,  but  it  is  an  essential  in  a  mixed  gas  distributed  as 
an  illuminating  gas. 

Illuminants.  Frequently  in  the  analysis  of  a  mixed  gas  there  is 
specified  a  certain  percentage  of  “illuminants.”  Generally  olefiant  gas  is 
included  in  the  “illuminants.”  As  generally  used,  the  term  is  applied  to 
those  gases  and  vapors  that  render  the  gas  flame  luminous.  It  frequently 
happens  that  “illuminants”  are  not  gases  at  all,  but  vapors  which  will 
condense  to  liquid  form  at  a  sufficiently  low  temperature.  They  form  but 
a  small  percentage  of  the  volume  of  any  commercial  gas. 

As  said  before,  commercial  gases  differ  from  each  other  in  the  relative 
proportions  of  the  constituent  gases.  The  names  given  to  these  different 
mixed  gases  are  derived  from  the  method  of  manufacture  and  the  raw 
materials  used.  We  will  consider  the  method  of  manufacture  and  the 
characteristics  of  the  following  commercial  gases : 

Bench  Gas:  Made  by  heating  coal  in  retorts  set  in  “benches.” 

Water  Gas :  Made  by  decomposing  water  in  the  presence  of  carbon. 

Producer  Gas :  Made  in  a  “producer”  from  air,  steam  and  carbon. 

Oil  Gas:  Made  by  subjecting  oil  to  heat. 

Carbureted  Water  Gas :  Made  by  the  addition  of  oil  gas  to  water  gas. 

Coke  Oven  Gas:  Made  by  heating  coal  in  a  “by-products”  coke  oven. 

Blast  Furnace  Gas:  Made  in  a  blast  furnace  during  the  operation  of 
smelting  iron  ore  to  pig  iron. 

Natural  Gas:  Made  by  nature,  operating  under  a  secret  process. 

The  name  “illuminating  gas”  does  not  signify  the  method  of  manu¬ 
facture  or  the  raw  materials  used.  Both  bench  gas  and  carbureted  water 
gas  are  distributed  as  “illuminating  gas.” 

The  name  “distilled  gas”  is  applicable  to  bench  gas,  coke  oven  gas  and 
oil  gas.  The  name  “coal  gas”  was  originally  applied  to  bench  gas  exclu¬ 
sively,  but  as  bench  gas,  producer  gas  and  coke  oven  gas  are  all  directly 
derived  from  coal,  the  name  has  lost  its  original  significance. 

Bench  Gas.  When  bituminous  coal  is  heated  in  a  closed  retort  the 
volatile  constituents  are  driven  off  in  the  form  of  gases  and  vapors.  After 
a  sufficient  length  of  time  there  remains  in  the  retort  a  body  of  coke. 
Before  the  gases  thus  evolved  can  be  distributed  for  use  or  burned  in  a 
gas  engine,  the  heavy  vapors  must  be  removed,  for,  if  not,  they  will  con¬ 
dense  in  the  form  of  tar  and  cause  clogging  of  pipes,  sticking  of  valves  and 
fouling  of  cylinders.  Upon  leaving  the  retorts  the  gases  and  vapors  pass 
through  the  hydraulic  main.  This  is  simply  a  water  seal  that  serves  as  a 


221 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


valve  to  prevent  the  flow  of  gas  back  into  the  retort  when  it  is  open  to  be 
recharged.  In  the  hydraulic  main  the  gases  and  vapors  bubble  through 
a  few  inches  of  water  and  a  portion  of  the  vapors  are  condensed  into  tar. 
The  gases  and  nncondensed  vapors  then  pass  to  the  condenser,  where  they 
are  cooled.  Here  more  of  the  vapors  condense  to  tar.  The  gases  now 
cool,  and  partially  but  by  no  means  wholly  freed  from  tarry  vapors,  pass 
to  the  exhauster.  This  is  a  positive  blower  and  serves  to  draw  the  gases 
from  the  retorts,  through  the  hydraulic  main  and  condenser,  and  force 
them  along  through  the  scrubber,  the  purifier  and  into  the  holder  ready 
for  distribution.  The  purpose  of  the  scrubber  is  to  remove  all  the  tarry 
vapors  left,  together  with  the  ammonia ;  for,  as  the  gases  leave  the  retorts, 
they  contain  a  certain  amount  of  ammonia,  which  is  in  addition  to  being  an 
objectionable  impurity  on  the  gas  volume,  is  well  worth  saving  as  a  by¬ 
product.  Various  types  of  scrubbers  are  in  use,  but  the  principle  involved 
is  to  bring  the  gases  into  contact  with  wet  surfaces  and  cause  an  inter¬ 
mingling  of  water  and  the  gases.  The  tar  sticks  to  the  surfaces  and  the 
water  absorbs  the  ammonia.  From  the  scrubber,  the  gases,  now  freed 
from  tarry  vapors  and  ammonia,  pass  to  the  purifier,  where  carbonic  acid 
and  sulphur  compounds  are  removed.  The  carbonic  acid  is  objectionable 
because  it  seriously  reduces  the  illuminating  power  of  the  gas  and  has  not 
a  heating  value.  Sulphur  compounds  are  objectionable  because  of  the 
offensive  odor  when  the  gas  is  burned.  Lime  and  iron  o.xide  are  the 
materials  mainly  used  for  the  purification  of  gas.  For  a  full  discussion 
of  purification  and  the  chemical  reactions  involved,  together  with  a  descrip¬ 
tion  of  the  various  scrubbers  and  other  apparatus,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
the  many  works  on  the  subject. 


The  volatile  constituents  of  the  coal  first  driven  off  from  a  freshly 
charged  retort  are  quite  different  from  those  evolved  during  the  last 
stages  of  the  distillation  process.  But  inasmuch  as  several  retorts  are  set 
in  one  "bench”  and  charged  successively,  the  gas  that  goes  to  the  holder 
has  a  uniform  composition.  This  composition  will  depend  very  largely 
upon  the  coal  used  and  the  temperature  of  the  retorts. 


The  following  may  be  taken  as  a  typical  analysis  of  bench  gas  made 
from  a  good  grade  of  gas  coal ;  composition  by  volume : 


Hydrogen . 

Marsh  Gas  . . . . 
Carbonic  Oxide 
Olefiant  Gas... 

Carbonic  Acid  . 

Nitrogen  . 

Oxygen  . 


,H., 


46.00%  'l 


..CH, 

40.00%  I 

Combustible 

..CO 

6.00%  f 

97.00% 

C,  H, 

5.00%  J 

..CO,, 

...N, 

...0, 

.6  %  1 
2.00%  f 
.5  %  \ 

Incombustible 

3.00% 

100.00% 


Using  the  calorific  values  before  given  for  the  constituent  gases,  above 
mixture  has  a  calorific  value  of  668  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  For  combus¬ 
tion  there  are  required  1.21  cubic  feet  of  oxygen  or  6.05  cubic  feet  of  air. 
per  cubic  foot  of  gas.  In  practice,  however,  at  least  eight  cubic  feet  of 
air  should  be  supplied  to  insure  complete  combustion.  Less  than  this 
amount  will  cause  the  gas  to  burn  with  a  smoky  flame  and  there  will  be 
more  or  less  carbon  deposited  as  lamp  black.  The  products  of  combustion 
are  of  course  water  vapor,  carbonic  acid  and  nitrogen.  The  exact  com¬ 
position  of  gas  distributed  for  illuminating  purposes  is  governed  by  all 
sorts  of  legislation  aimed  at  prescribing  the  permissible  amounts  of  car¬ 
bonic  acid,  carbonic  oxide,  sulphur  and  "illuminants.” 


222 


I 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY.  PITTSBURG 


_  Bench  gas  gives  very  satisfactory  results  when  used  in  gas  engines. 
Originally,  all  gas  distributed  was  made  by  this  retort  process.  But  about 
the  year  of  1880  the  water  gas  process  came  into  use  and  today  the 
general  practice  of  illuminating  gas  companies  is  to  distribute  a  mi.xture 
of  bench  gas,  water  gas  and  oil  gas ;  water  gas  and  oil  gas  together  being 
designated  carbureted  w'ater  gas. 


Water  Gas.  When  steam  and  carbon  are  brought  into  intimate  contact 
at  high  temperature  the  steam  is  decomposed  into  oxygen  and  hydrogen ; 
the  oxygen  thus  liberated  combines  with  the  carbon  to  form  carbonic  acid 
and  carbonic  o.xide,  while  the  hydrogen  remains  free.  The  relative  amounts 
of  caibonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxide  formed  will  depend  upon  various 
conditions,  but  it  is  evident  that  the  most  desirable  conditions  are  those 
that  favor  the  largest  production  of  carbonic  oxide  and  the  smallest  of 


carbonic  acid.  If  a  body  of  coke,  in  a  suitable  vessel  called  a  “producer” 
be  blown  by  a  blast  of  air  until  white  hot,  and  then  the  blast  shut  ofif  and 
the  steam  turned  on,  w'ater  gas  wull  be  formed.  The  body  of  coke  will  be 
rapidly  cooled,  for  heat  is  absorbed  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  steam  into 
and  hydrogen.  Inasmuch  as  the  union  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  to 
form  w'ater  evolves  heat,  it  follows  that  the  conversion  of  water  into 
oxygen  and  hydrogen  must  absorb  heat.  Consequently  the  formation  of 
water  by  the  union  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  is  said  to  be  exothermic.  It 
evolves  heat,  and  the  opposite  reaction  is  endothermic.  It  absorbs  heat. 
And  the  amount  of  heat  evolved  must  be  equal  to  the  amount  of  heat 
absorbed.  But,  as  stated  before,  when  steam  is  broken  up  m  the  water 
gas  process,  the  liberated  oxygen  combines  with  the  carbon.  But  this  union 
evolves  heat ;  that  is  to  say,  it  is  exothermic.  But  more  heat  is  absorbed 
by  the  breaking  up  of  the  steam  than  is  evolved  by  the  union  of  its  oxygen 
with  carbon.  Consequently  the  thermal  result  of  the  two  reactions  will  be 
endothermic;  the  body  of  coke  will  thereby  be  cooled  down.  It  becomes 
necessary,  therefore,  to  store  some  more  heat  in  the  body  of  coke.  This 
is  done  by  shutting  off  the  steam  and  blowing  the  coke  body  with  air, 
preparatory  to  another  steaming. 

These  successive  “blowings”  and  “steamings”  constitute  the  “inter¬ 
mittent  water  gas”  process.  Usually  in  practice  two  producers  are  used, 
one  being  blown  hot  while  the  other  is  steaming.  A  suitable  arrangement 
of  valves  is  provided,  so  that  the  water  gas  made  while  steaming  shall  be 
kept  separate  from  the  gases  thrown  off  while  blowing  hot  with  air. 
Almost  numberless  modifications  of  these  fundamental  ideas  have  been 
made.  The  coke,  except  what  app.ears  in  the  ash  as  clinker,  is  wholly 
converted  into  gas.  Theoretically  pure  water  gas  would  consist  of  half 
carbonic  oxide  and  half  hydrogen  and  have  a  calorific  value  of  320  B. 
T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  But  theoretical  conditions  are  not  obtained  in 

practice  and  a  typical  analysis  of  w'ater  gas  made  from  bench  gas  coke  is 
as  follows  ;  composition  by  volume  ; 

Hydrogen . 48.00%  ) 

Marsh  Gas  . CH,  2.00%  - 

Carbonic  Oxide  . CO  38.00%  \ 

Carbonic  Acid  . CO^  6.00%  ) 

Nitrogen  . 5.50%  - 

<^xygen . O.,  .50%  ^ 


Combustible 

88.00% 

Incombustible 
12.( 


100.00% 

Using  the  calorific  values  before  given  for  the  constituent  gases,  the 
above  gas  contains  295  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  It  will  be  noticed  that  it 
contains  no  olefiant  gas  (C^  H^)  nor  “illuminants,”  consequently  it  burns 


223 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


with  a  blue  flame.  In  fact,  sometimes  water  gas  is  designated  “blue  gas.” 
As  compared  to  bench  gas,  it  is  low  in  marsh  gas  (CH^)  and  high  in 
carbonic  oxide  (CO).  Had  it  been  made  from  pure  carbon,  it  would 
contain  no  marsh  gas  at  all.  What  little  it  does  contain  shows  that  the 
bench  gas  coke  from  which  it  was  derived  has  not  been  completely  coked. 
The  large  percentage  of  carbonic  oxide  (CO)  makes  it  very  poisonous,  and 
for  a  time  there  was  a  very  great  prejudice  against  its  use.  But  that  preju¬ 
dice  has  been  largely  overcome.  It  is  not  well  adapted  for  use  in  gas 
engines,  as  it  burns  so  rapidly  and  is  so  “snappy”  that  troubles  arise  from 
back-firing  and  pre-ignition.  Inasmuch  as  it  is  made  from  coke  and  steam, 
it  contains  no  tar  or  heavy  vapors  and  consequently  little  scrubbing  is 
required  to  render  it  clean  enough  for  distribution.  To  change  its  flame 
from  blue  to  a  luminous  one,  there  may  be  added  to  it  from  five  to  ten 
per  cent  of  “illuminants.”  This  is  done  by  the  use  of  oil,  naphtha,  “tar 
oil”  or  some  similar  heavy  hydrocarbon  which,  when  heated,  will  evolve 
illuminating  gases  and  vapors.  Many  different  arrangements  are  in  use 
to  accomplish  this  end.  The  resulting  mixture  is  known  as  carbureted 
water  gas.  Over  half  the  illuminating  gas  sold  in  the  United  States 
is  carbureted  water  gas.  So  that  a  modern  plant  for  the  manufacture 
of  illuminating  gas  may  consist  of  the  benches  of  retorts  for  the  distilling 
of  bench  gas  from  coal;  gas  producers  in  which  water  gas  is  made  from  the 
coke  derived  from  the  retorts  and  carburetting  apparatus  for  the  enriching 
of  the  water  gas  with  oil  gas.  As  explained,  it  is  necessary  in  the  operation 
of  a  water  gas  producer  to  periodically  stop  steaming  and  blow  hot.  The 
gases  passing  off  during  the  heating  blow  consist  of  the  nitrogen  of  the  air, 
carbonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxide,  with  some  free  oxygen.  This  lean  gas 
mixture  may  be  used  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  to  raise  the  steam  for 
the  steaming  operation.  Or  it  may  be  used  to  furnish  the  heat  necessary 
to  volatilize  the  oil  for  enriching.  Naturally  the  water  gas  process  lends 
itself  to  an  almost  infinite  number  of  modifications.  Some  blow  up 
through  the  fuel ;  some  blow  dourti ;  some  steam  upward ;  some  steam 
down ;  some  blow  to  produce  the  highest  percentage  of  carbonic  acid 
in  the  “lean”  blow  gases ;  some  blow  to  produce  the  lowest  percentage  of 
carbonic  acid  and  the  highest  percentage  of  carbonic  oxide,  in  order  that 
these  lean,  blow  gases  may  be  burned  to  advantage  under  boilers  or  in 
regenerative  chambers. 

Others  operate  so  as  to  produce  a  mixture  of  the  water  gas  and  the  best 
of  the  blow  gas.  It  is  out  of  place  here  to  discuss  the  relative  merits  of 
these  different  methods  of  operation.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  by  the  water 
gas  process  COKE  may  be  converted  into  water  gas  and  the  gas  from 
the  blow ;  the  water  gas  may  or  may  not  be  enriched  with  oil  gas  to 
increase  its  luminosity ;  the  gas  produced  by  the  blow  may  be  used  in 
various  ways. 

The  question  arises  here :  Why  cannot  bituminous  coal  be  used  direct 
in  the  water  gas  producer  in  place  of  coke?  It  can  be.  Many  experiments 
have  been  made  to  this  end  and  many  plants  built  for  this  purpose.  But  the 
losses  and  difficulties  attendant  upon  the  use  of  soft  coal  direct  in  water 
gas  producers  have  prevented  the  general  introduction  of  such  processes. 
A  continuous  process,  whereby  the  volatile  constituents  of  a  body  of  coal 
may  be  distilled,  and  simultaneously  the  resulting  coke  converted  into 
water  gas,  producing  what  would  be  practically  a  mixture  of  bench  gas 
and  water  gas,  has  not  as  yet  been  evolved. 


224 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


-  Producer  Gas.  Of  all  the  commercial  gases  producer  gas  is  the 
easiest  and  cheapest  to  make.  It  is  made  by  simply  passing  air  or  air 
and  steam  through  a  body  of  fuel.  The  fuel  may  be  soft  coal,  hard  coal, 
coke  or  wood.  The  oxygen  of  the  air  unites  with  the  carbon  to  form 
carbonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxide.  In  order  that  the  resultant  gas  may 
contain  as  little  carbonic  acid  as  possible,  a  comparatively  deep  bed  of 
fuel  IS  carried  and  the  steam  and  air  are  caused  to  travel  through  at  a 
moderate  rate  of  speed.  If  no  steam  is  used  the  fuel  bed  will  get  hotter 
and  hotter,  causing  the  ash  to  fuse  to  clinker  and  give  trouble  in  cleaning 
out.  Steam  serves  to  keep  the  producer  in  good  working  condition, 
but  in  addition  some  of  the  steam  is  decomposed,  so  that  the  resulting  gas 
will  contain  some  carbonic  acid  and  carbonic  oxide  derived  from  the 
steam  oxygen  and  some  hydrogen  derived  from  the  steam.  Of  course,  if 
coke  is  the  fuel  used,  there  wull  be  practically  no  hydrogen  in  the  made 
gas  except  that  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  steam.  When  gasifying 
fuel  in  a  gas  producer  and  using  only  air  as  blast,  the  temperature  becomes 
excessively  high.  There  is  more  heat  evolved  by  the  burning  of  carbon 
to  carbonic  oxide  than  the  made  gases  can  carry  away  by  their  “sensible” 
heat.  Then,  in  order  to  utilize  this  excess  of  heat  and  also  to  keep  the 
producer  in  good  working  condition,  steam  is  admitted  with  the  air  blast 
in  such  proportions  as  will  accomplish  these  ends.  Decomposition  of  a 
portion  of  the  steam  absorbs  a  portion  of  this  excess  heat.  The  hydrogen 
of  this  decomposition  is  directly  added  to  the  volume  of  the  gas  as  free 
hydrogen.  The  oxygen  so  derived  will  react  with  carbon  to  form 
carbonic  oxide  and  thus  increase  the  volume  of  gas  made.  And  to  the 
extent  that  the  steam  furnishes  oxygen,  just  so  much  less  air-o.xygen  will 
be  required  and  the  dilution  of  the  gas  by  air-nitrogen  will  be  correspond¬ 
ingly  lessened.  When  gasifying  hard  coal  or  coke,  more  steam  can  be 
decomposed  than  when  gasifying  soft  coal,  for  the  reason  that,  in  the 
latter  case  the  driving  off  and  breaking  up  of  some  of  the  contained 
hydrocarbons  absorbs  some  of  the  excess  heat,  leaving  less  to  be  used 
for  the  decomposition  of  steam  than  in  the  case  of  hard  coal  or  coke,  which 
contain  no  hydrocarbons  to  be  distilled. 

The  manufacture  of  producer  gas  is  a  continuous  one.  Fuel  is  fed 
as  needed  and  a  continual  supply  of  air  and  steam  is  added.  If  hard  coal 
or  coke  is  the  fuel,  the  gas  comes  off  comparatively  clean  and  requires 
little  scrubbing  for  use  in  gas  engines.  But  if  soft  coal  is  used,  the  gas 
contains  a  large  amount  of  tarry  vapors  and  is  extremely  dirty.  By 
suitable  scrubbing  it  may  be  cleaned,  when  it  is  admirably  adapted  for 
use  in  gas  engines.  Producer  gas  is  almost  universally  used  in  open 
hearth  steel  furnaces  and  regenerative  heating  furnaces.  For  such  cases 
no  scrubbing  is  necessary,  as  the  flues  through  which  the  gas  passes  are 
made  very  large  and  accessible  for  cleaning  out  or  burning  out.  When 
the  gases  reach  the  furnace  where  it  is  consumed,  the  tarry  vapors  are 
more  a  help  than  a  hindrance.  This  gas  does  not  burn  freely  when  cold, 
consequently  either  the  gas  or  the  air  to  burn  it,  or  preferably  both,  should 
be  heated  before  entering  the  furnace.  This  is  accomplished  by  passing 


226 


Typical  Analyses 


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H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


the  air  and  gas  through  chambers  filled  with  brick  which  have  been  heated 
previously  by  the  products  of  combustion  leaving  the  furnace.  A  furnace 
so  equipped  is  known  as  a  regenerative  furnace  and  the  chambers  as 
regenerative  chambers.  It  is  evident  that  two  sets  of  such  chambers  are 
required,  one  set  being  heated  by  the  products  of  combustion,  while  the 
other  set  are  heating  the  air  and  gas  passing  through  them.  A  suitable 
arrangement  of  reversing  valves  is  provided  whereby  the  operation  of  the 
two  sets  of  chambers  may  be  reversed.  The  fact  that  producer  gas  does 
not  burn  readily  when  cold,  together  with  the  fact  that  it  contains  about 
60  per  cent  of  incombustible  constituents,  render  it  unfit  for  general  distri¬ 
bution.  Many  gas  “processes”  have  been  e.xploited,  which  consist  in  adding 
a  percentage  of  oil  gas  to  producer  gas.  Of  course  the  heating  value  of 
the  mixture  will  be  enhanced  by  the  amount  of  heat  in  the  oil  gas  added. 
And  sufficient  oil  gas  may  be  mixed  with  producer  gas  to  make  the  mixture 
luminous.  But  even  with  such  additions  the  resulting  mixture  must  con¬ 
tain  the  inert  nitrogen  derived  from  the  air  in  the  manufacture  of  the 
producer  gas  together  with  the  unavoidable  presence  of  more  or  less 
inert  carbonic  acid.  While  producer  gas  varies,  according  to  the  fuel  used 
and  the  condition  of  the  producer,  the  following  may  be  taken  as  a  typical 
analysis,  using  soft  coal,  with  the  producer  in  good  condition;  composition 
by  volume : 


Marsh  Gas  . CH 


...H2 

10.00%  ^ 

..CH4 

3.00% 

Combustible 

C,  H, 

.50% 

36.50% 

..CO 

23.00% 

..CO2 

...O2 

...N2 

5.00%  ) 
.5  % 
58  00%  J 

I  Incombustible 
63.5% 

100.00% 

Using  the  calorific  values  given  before  for  the  constituent  gases  the 
above  gas  has  a  calorific  value  of  144  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  It  has 
about  one-seventh  the  heating  value  of  natural  gas.  Inasmuch  as  car¬ 
bonic  oxide  (CO)  burns  to  carbonic  acid  (CO2)  it  is  evident  that  the 
presence  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  analysis  indicates  that  the  producer  has 
been  operated  in  such  a  manner  that  some  of  the  carbonic  oxide  has  been 
burned  in  the  producer. 

A  typical  analysis  of  producer  gas  from  hard  coal  is  as  follows : 

20.00%  )  Combustible 
25.00%  (  45.00% 

)  Incombustible 


Hydrogen  . 

Carbonic  Oxide . CO 

Carbonic  Acid  . CO2 

Oxygen  . O2 

Nitrogen . N2 


■5  ..  , 

49.50%  ^ 


55j 


100.00% 

The  above  gas  has  a  calorific  value  of  144  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  But 
it  is  noticeably  different  from  the  analysis  of  gas  derived  from  soft  coal 
in  the  higher  percentage  of  hydrogen  and  the  entire  absence  of  marsh 
gas.  The  higher  percentage  of  hydrogen  is  due  to  the  decomposition  of 
steam,  as  already  explained. 

To  make  gas  of  the  above  analysis  demands  that  the  producer  be 
handled  with  intelligence  and  kept  in  the  best  working  condition. 


227 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Oil  Gas.  When  crude  oil,  refined  oil,  tar,  naphtha,  “tar  oil”  or  any 
of  the  heavy,  liquid  hydrocarbons  are  subjected  to  heat  they  are  broken 
up  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  and  gases  and  vapors  are  evolved.  The 
gases  thus  evolved  are  hydrogen,  marsh  gas  and  olefiant  gas.  The  vapors 
are  not  “fixed  gases,”  but  will  condense  to  liquid  form  at  lower  tempera¬ 
ture.  But  a  gas  will  serve  as  a  “carrier”  for  a  certain  amount  of  vapor. 

Just  as  air  will  carry  a  certain  amount  of  water  vapor,  depending  upon 
its  temperature,  so  will  any  gas  or  mixtures  of  gases  carry  a  certain 
amount  of  vapors  of  hydrocarbons.  Thus,  when  gasoline  is  used  in  gas 
engines,  it  is  not  converted  into  a  gas  before  entering  the  cylinder;  it  is 
only  vaporized  and  the  air  serves  as  the  carrier  of  the  vapor.  Gasoline 
vaporizes  at  ordinary  atmospheric  temperatures  and  requires  no  heating 
to  induce  it  to  give  off  its  vapors.  Ordinary  kerosene  vaporizes  at  about 
150°  F.,  and  if  heated  to  this  temperature  it  can  be  used  in  gas  engines 
the  same  as  gasoline,  and  air  can  be  used  as  the  carrier  to  convey  the 
vapor  into  the  cylinder  of  the  engine.  The  temperature  at  which  an  oil 
begins  to  evolve  an  inflammable  vapor  is  called  its  “flash  point.”  Usually 
this  vapor  can  be  broken  up  into  a  lower  hydrocarbon  by  the  application 
of  more  heat  at  higher  temperatures.  Such  breaking  up  will  be  generally 
accompanied  by  the  deposition  of  carbon.  The  most  general  application 
of  oil  gas  is  for  carburetting  water  gas  to  change  the  blue  flame  to  a 
luminous  one.  In  round  numbers  a  barrel  of  crude  oil  contains  7,000, (XX) 
B.  T.  U.  A  ton  of  good  soft  coal  contains  28,000,000  B.  T.  U.  So  that 
four  barrels  of  oil  are  equivalent  in  heating  effect  to  one  ton  of  coal. 
But  it  is  possible  to  burn  oil  more  efficiently  than  coal  is  usually  burned. 
This  is  partially  due  to  the  unavoidable  loss  of  a  portion  of  the  coal  in 
the  ash  and  clinker.  Consequently,  it  has  been  found  in  practice,  that  about 
three  and  one-half  barrels  of  crude  oil  are  equal  to  one  ton  of  coal,  when 
both  are  burned  under  favorable  conditions,  attainable  in  good  practice. 
Various  oil  gas  processes  have  been  exploited  and  all  sorts  of  claims 
have  been  made  as  to  the  amount  of  gas  and  its  calorific  value  that  can  be 
derived  from  one  barrel  of  oil.  But,  in  considering  such  processes,  it  is 
well  to  keep  in  mind  that  a  barrel  of  oil  contains  a  certain  number  of 
thermal  units.  To  gasify  the  oil  will  require  a  certain  number  of  thermal 
units.  If  there  were  no  loss  of  heat  in  the  gasification  process,  which  is 
a  condition  unattainable  in  practice,  then  the  gas  made  from  the  barrel 
of  oil 'would  contain  just  the  thermal  units  contained  in  the  oil  originally, 
plus  that  amount  required  to  gasify  the  oil.  In  other  words,  the  only 
thermal  gain  that  can  be  made  by  gasifying  oil  and  burning  it,  over  burning 
it  direct,  is  that  due  to  the  more  complete  combustion  that  can  be  obtained 
when  the  oil  has  been  first  gasified  or  vaporized.  As  a  question  of  fact, 
crude  oil  can  be  burned  with  properly  designed  burners,  which  insure  a 
complete  mixture  of  air  and  oil,  with  as  high  an  efficiency  as  can  be 
obtained  by  first  vaporizing  it  and  then  burning  it.  No  typical  analysis 
of  oil  gas  can  be  given,  for  the  composition  depends  upon  the  oil  from 
which  the  gas  is  derived  and  the  temperature  to  which  the  oil  has  been 
subjected,  but  the  following  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  oil  gas  made  from 
Pennsylvania  crude  oil;  analysis  by  volume: 


Hydrogen . 
Marsh  Gas. 
Illuminants 
Nitrogen  . 
Oxygen  . . . 


...H, 

..CH^ 


N, 

o; 


I  Combustible 

3.0%  /  Incombustible 
.6  %  \  3.5  % 

mo% 


228 


f 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


-  The  preceding  gas  is  noticeably  different  from  1)ench  gas  in  the  high 
percentage  of  illuminants. 

Coke  Oven  Gas.  Most  of  the  coke  used  for  metallurgical  purposes 
is  made  in  “Beehive”  ovens  and  no  attempt  is  made  to  save  the  volatile 
constituents  of  the  coal.  The  product  desired  is  coke,  not  gas.  But  of 
recent  years  there  has  been  introduced  the  “by-products  coke  oven,”  in 
the  operation  of  which  the  gases,  tar  and  ammonia  evolved  by  distilling 
the  coal  in  closed  retorts  or  ovens  are  saved  as  in  the  bench  gas  process. 
A  considerable  portion  of  the  gases  evolved  are  used  in  heating  the  ovens. 
The  remainder  is  almost  identical  in  its  composition  with  bench  gas. 
Generally  it  is  higher  in  hydrogen  and  lower  in  “illuminants”  than  bench 
gas,  because  the  ovens  are  operated  to  produce  a  hard  coke  suitable  for 
metallurgical  purposes  and  the  illuminating  power  of  the  gas  is  a  secondarv 
consideration.  For  use  in  gas  engines  it  may  be  considered  as  bench 
gas.  When  it  leaves  the  ovens  it  is  very  dirty,  and  before  it  can  he 
distributed  or  used  in  engines,  must  he  thoroughly  scrubbed.  Inasmuch  as 
the  scrubbing  process  recovers  valuable  by-products  in  the  form  of 
ammonia  and  tar,  it  more  than  pays  for  itself. 

Blast  Furnace  Gas.  The  gas  evolved  from  a  blast  furnace  during  the 
operation  of  smelting  iron  ore  to  pig  iron  is  very  similar  to  a  low  grade  or 
lean  producer  gas.  Notwithstanding  its  very  low  calorific  value,  rarely 
over  100  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot,  it  gives  excellent  results  when  used  in 
gas  engines.  Bell,  in  “Iron  and  Steel,”  gives  the  following  as  an  average 
analysis  : 


Hydrogen . H.,  .70%  (  Combustible 

Carbonic  Oxide  . CO  26.70%  /  21A0% 

Carbonic  Acid . CO^  11.70%  \  Incombustible 

Nitrogen  . N,  60.90%/  72.60% 

100.00% 


The  above  gas  has  a  calorific  value  of  88  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  Upon 
leaving  the  furnace  the  gas  contains  considerable  fine  dust,  particles  of 
the  furnace  charge,  which  may  be  readily  removed  by  suitable  scrubbing 
apparatus.  As  coke  is  the  fuel  in  the  blast  furnace,  almost  invariably, 
the  gas  contains  no  tar  or  heavy  vapors.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
next  few  years  will  show  a  great  development  of  the  use  of  this  gas  for 
purposes  of  power. 

Natural  Gas.  Natural  gas  varies  considerably  in  its  composition. 
But  its  chief  constituent  is  always  marsh  gas.  This  may  vary  from  85 
to  93  per  cent  of  the  total  volume.  Sometimes  considerable  hydrogen  is 
present,  indicating  that  some  marsh  gas  has  been  broken  up  by  heat.  Also 
it  not  infrequently  carries  a  small  percentage  of  oil  vapors.  Its  calorific 
value  is  usually  about  1,000  B.  T.  U.  per  cubic  foot.  It  works  admirably 
in  gas  engines.  Particular  care  must  always  be  taken  to  insure  sufficient 
air  for  combustion.  About  14  cubic  feet  of  air  should  be  supplied  for  each 
cubic  foot  of  gas.  When  an  insufficient  supply  of  air  is  given  there  will 
result  a  deposit  of  carbon  and  the  formation  of  a  small  percentage  of 
acetylene,  giving  a  pungent  odor  to  the  products  of  combustion. 


229 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Multipliers  to  be  Used  for  Gas  Measured  at 
Pressures  Greater  than  Four  Ounces 

Atmospheric  Pressure  14.7  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Temperature  60  Fahrenheit.  Barometer  30  inches 

Compiled  by  T.  B.  Wylie  for  Equitable  Meter  Company 


Pres, 
in  lbs. 

Multi¬ 

plier 

Pres, 
in  lbs. 

Multi¬ 

plier 

Pres. 

inlbs. 

Multi¬ 

plier 

Pres. 

inlbs. 

Multi¬ 

plier 

Pres. 

inlbs. 

Multi¬ 

plier 

Pres, 
in  lbs. 

Multi¬ 

plier 

1.0167 

17>4 

2.1538 

3414 

3.2910 

5114 

4.4281 

1  681^ 

5.5652 

8514 

6.7023 

1 

1.0502 

18 

2.1871 

35 

3.3244 

52 

4.4615 

69 

5.5987 

86 

6.7358 

1.0836 

18>4 

2.2207 

3514 

3.3579 

5214 

4.4950 

;  691^ 

5.6321 

8614 

6.7692 

2 

1.1171 

19 

2.2542 

36 

3.3913 

53 

4.5284 

1  70 

5.6656 

87 

6.8027 

1.1505 

19K 

2.2876 

3614 

3.4247 

5314 

4.5619 

701^ 

5.6990 

8714 

6.8361 

3 

1.1839 

20 

2.3211 

37 

3.4582 

54 

4.5953 

71 

5.7324 

88 

6.8696 

1.2174 

2014 

2.3545 

3714 

3.4916 

5414 

4.6288 

711^ 

5.7659 

8814 

6.9030 

4 

1.2508 

21 

2.3880 

38 

3.5251 

55 

4.6622 

72 

5.7993 

89 

6.9365 

1.2843 

2114 

2.4214 

3814 

3.5585 

5514 

4.6957 

721^ 

5.8328 

8914 

6.9699 

5 

1.3177 

22 

2.4548 

39 

3.5920 

56 

4.7291 

73 

5.8662 

90 

7.0033 

5^ 

1.3512 

2214 

2.4883 

3914 

3.6254 

5614 

4.7625 

731^ 

5.8997 

9014 

7.0368 

6 

1.3846 

23 

2.5217 

40 

3.6589 

57 

4.7960 

74 

5.9331 

91 

7.0702 

614 

1.4181 

2314 

2.5552 

4014 

3.6923 

5714 

4.8294 

74K 

5.9666 

9114 

7.1037 

7 

1.4515 

24 

2.5886 

41 

3.7258 

58 

4.8629 

75 

6. 

92 

7.1371 

1.4849 

2414 

2.6221 

4114 

3.7592 

5814 

4.8963 

7514 

6.0334 

9214 

7.1706 

8 

1.5184 

25 

2.6555 

42 

3.7926 

59 

4.9298 

76 

6.0669 

93 

7.2040 

3/4 

1.5518 

2514 

2.6890 

4214 

3.8261 

5914 

4.9632 

7614 

6.1003 

9314 

7.2375 

9 

1.5853 

26 

2.7224 

43 

3.8595 

60 

4.9967 

77 

6.1338 

94 

7.2709 

914 

1.6187 

2614 

2.7559 

4314 

3.8930 

6014 

5.0301 

7714 

6.1672 

9414 

7.3043 

10 

1.6522 

27 

2.7893 

44 

3.9264 

61 

5.0635 

78 

6.2007 

95 

7.3378 

10>4 

1.6856 

2714 

2.8227 

4414 

3.9599 

6114 

5.0970 

7814 

6.2341 

9514 

7.3712 

11 

1.7191 

28 

2.8562 

45 

3.9933 

62 

5.1304 

79 

6.2676 

96 

7.4047 

1114 

1.7525 

2814 

2.8896 

4514 

4.0268 

6214 

5.1639 

7914 

6.3010 

9614 

7.4381 

12 

1.7860 

29 

2.9231 

46 

4.0602 

63 

5.1973 

80 

6.3344 

97 

7.4716 

1214 

1.8194 

2914 

2.9565 

4614 

4.0936 

6314 

5.2308 

8014 

6.3679 

9714 

7.5050 

13 

1.8528 

30 

2.9900 

47 

4.1271 

64 

5.2642 

81 

6.4013 

98 

7.5385 

1314 

1.8863 

3014 

3.0234 

4714 

4.1605 

6414 

5.2977 

8114 

6.4348 

9814 

7.5719 

14 

1.9197 

31 

3.0569 

48 

4.1940 

65 

5.3311 

82 

6.4682 

99 

7.6053 

1414 

1.9532 

3114 

3.0903 

4814 

4.2274 

6514 

5.3645 

8214 

6.5017 

9914 

7.6388 

15 

1 .9866 

32 

3.1237 

49 

4.2609 

66 

5.3980 

83 

6.5351 

100 

7.6722 

1514  j 

2.0201 

3214 

3.1572 

4914 

4.2943 

6614 

5.4314 

8314 

6.5686 

16  i 

2.0535 

33 

3.1906 

50 

4..3278 

67 

5.4649 

84  , 

6.6020 

1614  i 

2.0870 

3314 

3.2241 

5014 

4.3612 

6714 

5.4983 

8414 

6.6355 

17  ' 

2.1204 

34 

3.2575 

51 

4.3946 

68 

5.5318 

85 

6.6689 

Multipliers  to  be  used  to  correct  above  table  when  volume  at  pressure 
other  than  four  ounces  is  desired. 


Pressure 

Multiplier 

Pressure 

Multiplier 

6  oz. 

.99171 

2  pound 

.89521 

8  oz. 

.98355 

3  “ 

.84463 

10  oz. 

.97553 

4  “ 

.79946 

12  oz. 

.96764 

5  “ 

.75888 

1  pound 

.95223 

Example:  The  multiplier  on  table  for  75  lbs.  is  6.0000. 

This  multiplied  by  .97553  is  5.85318,  the  multiplier  to  be  used  for  75  lbs. 
to  find  the  volume  at  10  ounces. 


230 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Miscellaneous 

specific  Gravity 


The  specific  gravity  of  a  body  is  the  ratio  between  its  weight  and 
the  weight  of  a  like  volume  of  distilled  water  at  a  temperature  of 
39.2°  F.  For  aeriform  bodies,  air  is  taken  as  the  unit. 


Names  of  Substances 

Metals 

Platinum,  rolled  . 

“  wire  . 

“  hammered  . 

Gold,  hammered  . . 

“  pure  cast  . 

“  22  carats  fine  . 

Mercury,  solid  at  40°  F . 

at  1-32°  F . 

“  at  60°  F . 

at  212°  F . 

Lead,  pure  . 

“  hammered  . . 

Silver,  hammered  . . 

“  pure  . 

Bismuth  . 

Copper,  wire  and  rolled  . 

“  pure  . 

Bronze,  gun  metal . . . 

Brass,  common  . . . 

Steel,  cast  steel  . 

“  common  soft  . . 

“  hardened  and  tempered . . 

Iron,  pure  . 

“  wrought  and  rolled . . 

“  hammered  . 


Tin,  from  Bohem  . 

“  English  . 

Zinc,  rolled  . . 

Antimony  . 

Aluminum  . 

Stones  and  Earths 

Emery  . 

Limestoyie  . . 

Asbestos,  starry  . . 

Glass,  flint  . . 

“  white  . . 

“  bottle  . . 

“  green  . 

Marble,  Parian  . . 

“  African  . 

“  Egyptian  . 

Mica . 

Chalk  . 

Coral,  red  . 

Granite,  Susquehanna  . . 

Quincy  . 

“  Patapsco  . 

Scotch  . 


specific 

Gravity 

Weight  Per 
Cu.  Inch 
Lbs. 

22.669 

.798 

21.042 

.761 

20.337 

.736 

19.361 

.700 

19.258 

.697 

17.486 

.733 

15.632 

.566 

13.619 

.493 

13.580 

.491 

13.375 

.484 

11.330 

.410 

11.388 

.412 

10.511 

.381 

10.474 

.379 

9.823 

.355 

8.878 

.321 

8.788 

.318 

8.700 

.315 

7.820 

.282 

7.919 

.286 

7.833 

.283 

7.818 

.283 

7.768 

.281 

7.780 

.282 

7.789 

.282 

7.207 

.261 

7.312 

.265 

7.291 

.264 

7.191 

.260 

6.712 

.244 

2.500 

.090 

4.000 

.144 

2.700 

.097 

3.073 

.1110 

2.933 

.1060 

2.892 

.1040 

2.732 

.0987 

2.642 

.0954 

2.838 

.1030 

2.708 

.0978 

2.688 

.0964 

2.800 

.1000 

2.784 

.1000 

2.700 

.0974 

2.704 

.0976 

2.652 

.0958 

2.640 

.0954 

2.625 

.0948 

231 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Stones  and  Kartlis— Continued 


Marble,  white  Italian 
“  common  .  . . 

Talc,  black  . 

Quartz  . 

Slate  . 

Pearl,  oriental  . 

Shale  . 

Flint,  white  . 

“  black  . . 

Stone,  common  . 

“  Bristol  . 

“  mill  . 

“  paving  . 

Gypsum,  opaque  . 

Grindstone  . 

Salt,  common  . 

Saltpetre  . 

Sulphur,  native  . 

Common  soil  . 

Rotten  stone  . 

Clay  . 

Brick  . 

Nitre  . 

Plaster  of  Paris . 

Ivory  . 

Sand  . 

Phosphorus  . 

Borax  . 

Coal.  Anthracite . 

“  Maryland  . 

“  Scotch  . 

“  Newcastle  . . .  . 
“  Bituminous  .  .  . 

Earth,  loose  . 

Lime,  quick  . 

Charcoal  . 


Woods  ( Dry 

Alder  . 

Apple  tree  . 

Ash,  the  trunk . 

Bay  tree  . 

Beech  . 

Box,  French  . 

Box,  Dutch  . 

Box,  Brazilian  red  . 

Cedar,  wild  . 

Cedar,  Palestine  . 

Cedar,  American  . 

Cherry  tree  . 

Cork  . 

Ebony,  American  . 

Elder  tree  . 

Elm  . 

Filbert  tree  . 

Fir,  male  . 


Specific 

Gravity 

Weight  Per 
Cu.  Inch 
Lbs. 

2.708 

.0978 

2.686 

.0968 

2.900 

.0105 

2.660 

.0962 

2.672 

.0965 

2.650 

.0957 

2.600 

.0940 

2.594 

.0936 

2.582 

.0933 

2.520 

.0910 

2.510 

.0906 

2.484 

.0897 

2.416 

.0873 

2.168 

.0783 

2.143 

.0775 

2.130 

.0770 

2.090 

.0755 

2.033 

.0735 

1.984 

.0717 

1.981 

.0416 

1.930 

.0698 

1.900 

.0686 

1.900 

.0686 

(  1.872 

.0677 

\  2.473 

.0894 

1.822 

.0659 

2.650 

.0958 

1.770 

.0640 

1.714 

.0620 

1.640 

.0593 

/  1.436 

.0519 

1  1.355 

.0490 

1.300 

.0470 

1.270 

.0460 

1.350 

.0488 

1.500 

.0542 

1.500 

.0549 

0.441 

.0160 

.800 

.0289 

.793 

.0287 

.845 

.0306 

.822 

.0297 

.852 

.0308 

.912 

.0330 

1.328 

.0480 

1.031 

.0373 

.596 

.0219 

.613 

.0222 

.561 

.0203 

.715 

.0259 

.240 

.0087 

1.331 

.0481 

.695 

.0252 

.560 

.0202 

.600 

.0217 

.550 

.0199 

232 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Woods  (Dry) — Continued 

Fir,  female  . 

Hazel  . 

Lemon  tree  . 

Lignnm-vitae  . 

Linden  tree  . 

Logwood . 

Mahogany,  Honduras  . 

Maple  . 

Mulberry  . 

Oak  . 

Orange  tree  . 

Pear  tree  . 

Poplar  . 

Poplar,  white  Spanish  . . 

Sassafras  . 

Spruce  . 

Spruce,  old  . 

Pine,  yellow.  Southern . 

Pine,  white  . 

Walnut  . 


Liquids 

Acid,  Acetic  . 

“  Nitric  . 

“  Sulphuric  . 

“  Muriatic . 

“  Phosphoric  . 

Alcohol,  commercial  . . 

“  pure  . 

Beer,  lager . 

Champagne  . 

Cider  . 

Ether,  sulphuric  . 

Egg  . 

Honey  . 

Human  blood  . 

Milk  . 

Oil,  linseed  . 

“  olive  . 

“  turpentine  . 

wbale  . 

Proof  spirit . 

Vinegar  . 

Water,  distilled  . 

“  sea  . 

Wine . 


Miscellaneous 

Beeswax  . 

Butter  . 

India  rubber  . 

Fat . 

Gunpowder,  loose  . 

shaken  . 

Gum  arabic  . 

Lard  . 

Spermaceti  . 

Sugar  . 


Specific 

Gravity 

Weight  Per 
Cu.  Inch 
Lb.s. 

.498 

.0180 

.600 

.0217 

.703 

.0254 

1.333 

.0482 

.604 

.0219 

.913 

.0331 

.560 

.0202 

.750 

.271 

.897 

.0324 

.950 

.0343 

.705 

.0255 

.661 

.0239 

.383 

.0138 

.529 

.0191 

.482 

.0174 

.500 

.0181 

.460 

.0166 

.72 

.0260 

.400 

.0144 

.671 

.0243 

1.062 

.0384 

1.217 

.0440 

1.841 

.0666 

1.200 

.0434 

1.558 

.0563 

.833 

.0301 

.792 

.0287 

1.034 

.0374 

.997 

.0360 

1.018 

.0361 

.739 

.0267 

1.090 

.0394 

1.450 

.0524 

1.054 

.0381 

1.032 

.0373 

.940 

.0340 

.915 

.0331 

.870 

.0314 

.932 

.0337 

.925 

.0334 

1.080 

.0390 

1.000 

.0361 

1.030 

.0371 

.992 

.0359 

.965 

.0349 

.942 

.0341 

.933 

.0338 

.923 

.0334 

.900 

.0325 

1.000 

.0361 

1.452 

.0525 

.947 

.0343 

.943 

.0341 

1.605 

.0580 

233 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Miscellaneous — Continued 


Tallow,  sheep 
calf  . 


Atmospheric  air 


Specific 

Gravity 

Weight  Per 
Cu.  Inch 
Lbs. 

.924 

.0334 

.934 

.0338 

.923 

.0334 

.0012 

Gases,  Vapors 

At  32°  and  a  tension  of  one  atmosphere. 

Atmospheric  air  . 

Ammoniacal  gas  . 

Carbonic  acid . 

Carbonic  oxide . 

Light  carbureted  hydrogen . 

Chlorine  . 

Hydriodic  acid  . 

Hydrogen  . 

Oxygen  . 

Sulphureted  hydrogen  . 

Nitrogen  . 

Vapor  of  alcohol  . 

Vapor  of  turpentine  spirits  . 

Vapor  of  water  . 

Smoke  of  bituminous  coal  . 

Smoke  of  wood  . 

Steam  at  212°  F . 


Weight  Cu.  Ft. 
Grains 

1.000 

527.0 

.500 

263.7 

1.527 

805.3 

.972 

512.7 

.557 

293.5 

2.500 

1316.0 

4.346 

2290.0 

.069 

36.33 

1.104 

581.8 

1.191 

627.7 

.972 

512.0 

1.613 

851.0 

5.013 

2642.0 

.623 

328.0 

.102 

53.8 

.900 

474.0 

.488 

257.3 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  any  solid  or  liquid  is  found  by  multiplying 
its  specific  gravity  by  62.425  pounds  avoirdupois.  And  the  weight  of  a 
cubic  foot  of  any  gas  at  atmospheric  pressure  and  at  32°  F.  is  found  by 
multiplying  its  specific  gravity  by  .08073  pounds  avoirdupois. 

Specific  Heat.  The  quantity  of  heat  required  to  raise  the  tempera¬ 
ture  of  unit  weight  of  any  substance  one  degree  varies  with  the  substance. 
It  is  also  the  ratio  of  the  heat  so  required  to  that  required  to  heat  the  same 
weight  of  water.  For  solids  at  ordinary  temperatures  the  specific  heat  is 
constant  for  each  individual  substance,  although  it  is  variable  at  high 
temperatures.  In  the  case  of  gases  a  distinction  must  be  made  between 
specific  heat  at  constant  volume  and  a  constant  pressure. 

Where  merely  specific  heat  is  stated  it  implies  specific  heat  at  ordinary 
temperature,  and  mean  specific  heat  refers  to  the  average  value  of  this 
quantity  between  the  temperatures  named. 

The  specific  heat  of  a  mixture  of  gases  is  obtained  by  multiplying  the 
specific  heat  of  each  constituent  gas  by  the  percentage  of  that  gas  in  the 
mixture  and  dividing  the  sum  of  the  products  by  100. 


Latent  Heat.  Where  there  is  an  application  of  heat  to  a  body,  chang¬ 
ing  it  from  a  solid  to  a  liquid,  or  a  liquid  to  a  gas,  there  is  an  absorption 
of  beat  w’ithout  any  rise  in  temperature.  The  heat  thus  absorbed  is  called 
“latent”  (or  hidden)  because  it  apparently  disappears  and  is  not  meas¬ 
urable  with  a  thermometer.  It  is  not  lost,  however,  but  reappears 
whenever  the  substance  passes  through  the  reverse  cycle  from  a  gaseous 
to  a  liquid  or  from  a  liquid  to  a  solid  state.  Therefore,  latent  heat  is 
the  quantity  of  heat  which  apparently  disappears  or  is  lost  to  thermometer 
measurement  when  the  molecular  constitution  of  body  is  changed.  It  is 
expended  in  performing  the  work  of  overcoming  the  molecular  cohesion 


234 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


of  the  particles  of  the  substance  and  in  overcoming  the  resistance  of 
external  pressure  to  change  the  volume  of  the  heated  body. 

If  heat  be  applied  to  a  pound  of  ice  there  will  be  a  rise  in  temperature 
until  the  freezing  point,  32°  F.,  is  reached.  The  ice  will  then  begin  to 
melt,  but  the  temperature  of  the  mixture  of  ice  and  water  will  remain 
the  same  (32°  F.)  as  long  as  any  particle  of  ice  remains  in  it.  Yet  the 
melting  process  will  absorb  heat.  The  amount  of  heat  thus  absorbed 
in  changing  the  state  of  a  pound  of  ice  from  ice  at  32°  F.  to  water  at 
32°  F.  is  144  B.  T.  U.  This  is  the  latent  heat  of  fusion  of  ice.  If  the 
application  of  heat  be  continued,  the  temperature  of  the  water  will  rise, 
but  it  will  now  only  require  about  twice  as  many  heat  units  to  effect  a 
rise  of  one  degree  as  it  did  to  effect  the  same  rise  in  the  ice.  The  reason 
is  that  the  specific  heat  of  water  is  1.00,  while  that  of  ice  is  only  .504. 
When  the  water  has  reached  a  point  of  212°  F.,  there  is  a  further  absorption 
of  heat  with  no  increase  of  temperature.  Boiling  occurs  and  the  heat 
absorbed  is  expended  in  transforming  the  water  into  steam.  Water  at 
atmospheric  pressure  cannot  be  heated  above  212°  F.  and  the  steam  which 
is  formed  is  also  at  a  temperature  of  212°  F.  When  the  entire  pound  of 
water  has  been  evaporated  into  steam  965.8  B.  T.  U.  have  been  used  in 
the  operation.  This  is  the  latent  heat  of  evaporation  of  water. 

Effect  of  Heat  on  Various  Bodies 

Melting,  Freezing  and  Boiling  Points 


Degree  F. 

Acetate  of  soda  saturated  .  225.8 

Acetate  of  potash  saturated  .  336. 

Air  furnace  .  3300. 

Ambergris  melts  .  145. 

Ammonia  boils  .  140. 

Ammonia  (liquid)  freezes  .  46. 

Antimony  melts  .  951. 

Arsenic  melts  .  365. 

Benzine  melts  .  176. 

Beeswax  melts  .  151. 

Bismuth  melts  .  476. 

Blood  (human)  heat  .  98. 

Blood  (human)  freezes  .  25. 

Brandy  freezes  .  7. 

Brass  melts  .  1900. 

Carbonate  of  soda  (saturated)  .  220.3 

Carbonic  acid  .  107. 

Chloroform  .  140. 

Cadmium  melts  .  600. 

Charcoal  burns  .  3(X). 

Coal  tar  boils . 325. 

Cold,  greatest,  artificial  . — 166. 

Cold,  greatest,  natural  .  — 56. 

Common  fire  .  790. 

Copper  melts  .  2548. 

Ether  (sulphuric)  . 100. 

Glass  melts  .  2200. 

Gold,  fine,  melts  .  2590. 

Gutta  percha  softens .  145. 

Highest  natural  temp.  Egypt .  117. 

Iodine  .  225. 

Ice  melts  .  32. 


236 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Degree  F. 

Iron  (cast)  melts  .  2100. 

Iron  (wrought)  .  2980. 

Iron  bright  red  in  the  dark .  752. 

Iron  red  hot  in  the  twilight .  884. 

Lard  melts  .  94. 

Lead  melts  .  540. 

Mercury  boils  .  662. 

Mercury  volatilizes  .  680. 

Mercury  freezes  .  39. 

Milk  .  30. 

Milk  boils .  213. 

Naphtha  boils  .  186. 

Nitric  acid,  specific  gravity  1424,  freezes .  45. 

Nitro-glycerine  .  45. 

Nitrous  oxide  freezes .  150. 

Olive  oil  freezes .  36. 

Petroleum  boils  .  306. 

Phosphorus  melts  .  108. 

Phosphorus  boils  .  560. 

Pitch  melts  .  91. 

Platinum  melts  .  3080. 

Potassium  melts  .  135. 

Proof  spirit  freezes .  7. 

Saltpetre  melts  .  610. 

Sea  water  freezes .  28. 

Silver  (fine)  melts .  1250. 

Snow  and  salt,  equal  parts .  0. 

Spermaceti  melts  .  112. 

Spirits  of  turpentine  freezes .  14. 

Steel  melts  .  2500. 

Steel,  polished,  blue  .  580. 

Steel,  polished,  straw  colored .  460. 

Strong  wines  freeze .  20. 

Sulphur  melts  .  226. 

Sulphur  acid,  specific  gravity  1641,  freezes .  45. 

Sulphuric  ether  freezes .  46. 

Sulphuric  ether  boils .  98. 

Tallow  melts  .  97. 

Tin  melts  .  421. 

Vinegar  freezes  .  28. 

Vinous  fermentation  . 60.  to  77. 

Water  boils  .  212. 

Water  in  vacuum  boils .  98. 

White  oil  .  630. 

Zinc  melts  .  740. 

Zinc  boils  .  1872. 


Live  Loads  for  Floors 

The  following  loads  per  square  foot,  exclusive  of  weight  of  floor 
materials,  show  the  range  assumed  in  usual  practice: 

Dwellings .  70  lbs.  per  sq.  ft. 

Offices .  70  to  100  llis.  per  .sq.  ft. 

Buildings  for  public  assembly .  120  to  150  lbs.  per  sq.  ft. 

Stores,  warehouses,  etc .  150  to  250  lbs.  and  upwards 

per  square  foot 


286 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


-Weight  of  a  Cubic  Foot  of  Miscellaneous  Substances 


Lbs. 

Alcohol  .  49 

Aluminum  .  162 

Anthracite,  solid  .  93 

Anthracite,  loose .  54 

Ash,  white,  dry .  38 

Asphaltum  .  87 

Brass,  cast  .  504 

Brass,  rolled  .  524 

Brick,  pressed  .  150 

Brick,  common,  hard .  125 

Brick,  soft,  interior .  100 

Brickwork,  pressed  .  140 

Brickwork,  ordinary  .  112 

Brick,  fire  .  120 

Cedar  .  35 

Cement,  hydraulic . 50-56 

Cement,  Portland  .  100 

Cherry,  dry .  42 

Chestnut,  dry .  41 

Clay,  Potter’s,  dry  .  119 

Clay,  in  lump,  loose .  63 

Coal,  bituminous,  solid  .  84 

Coal,  bituminous,  broken .  49 

Coke,  loose  .  26.3 

Copper,  cast  .  542 

Copper,  rolled .  548 

Cork .  15 

Earth,  loam,  dry,  loose .  76 

Earth,  loam,  moderately  rammed .  95 

Earth,  soft  flowing  mud .  108 

Ebony  .  83 

Elm,  dry  .  35 

Elint  .  162 

Glass,  molten  .  150 

Glass,  window  .  165 

Gold  . 1203^ 

Granite  .  106 

Plaster  of  Paris .  142 

Hay,  bale  .  9 

Hemlock,  dry  .  25 

Hickory,  dry  .  53 

Ice  .  58.7 

Iron,  cast  .  450 

Iron,  wrought  .  485 

Lead  .  711 

Lime,  loose  .  53 

Limestone  .  168 

Maple  . 47 

Mortar  .  110 

Marble,  Italian  .  169 

Marble,  Vermont  .  165 

Oak,  live,  dry  .  59 

Oak,  white,  dry  .  50 

Pine,  white,  dry  .  25 

Pine,  yellow,  dry,  Northern  .  35 

Pine,  yellow,  dry,  Southern  .  45 

Platina  .  219 

Sand,  loose  . 90-106 


237 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Weight  of  a  Cubic  Foot  of  Miscellaneous  Substances— Continued 


Lbs. 

Sandstone  .  151 

Silver  .  625?^ 

Shale  .  162 

Snow,  fresh  fallen  . 5-12 

Snow,  wet  by  rain . 15-50 

Steel  plates  .  487^ 

Steel,  soft  .  489 

Stone,  common,  about  . 158 

Sand,  wet,  about .  128 

Spruce  .  31 

Tin  .  455 

Water  .  62]/i 

Water,  sea  .  64 

Zinc  .  437 

Green  timber  (more  than  dry) . 1/5  to 


Antidotes  for  Poisons 

First:  Send  for  a  physician. 

Second:  Induce  vomiting  by  tickling  throat  with  feather  or  finger;  drink¬ 
ing  hot  water  or  strong  mustard  and  water.  Swallow  sweet  oil  or 
whites  of  eggs. 

Acids  are  antidotes  for  Alkalies,  and  vice  versa. 


Special  Poisons  and  Antidotes 

Acids:  Muriatic,  Oxalic,  Acetic  )  Soap  Suds 
Sulphuric  (Oil  of  Vitriol)  >■  Magnesia 
Nitric  (Aqua  Fortis)  J  Limewater 

Prussic  Acid  — Ammonia  in  water.  Dash  water  in  face. 
Carbolic  Acid — Flour  and  water,  mucilaginous  drinks. 


Alkalies: 


Potash,  Lye, 
Hartshorn,  Ammonia 


\dnegar  or  lemon  juice  in  water. 


Parfs^  Gr^mi  |  Milk,  raw  eggs,  sweet  oil,  limewater,  flour  and  water. 


Bug  Poison,  Lead,  Saltpetre,  Corrosive  )  Whites  of  eggs  or  milk  in 
Sublimate,  Sugar  of  Lead,  Blue  Vitriol  /  large  doses. 

Chloroform,  |  Dash  cold  water  on  head  and  chest. 

Chloral,  Ether  j  Artificial  respiration. 

Cop^^'ras^  Cobah^'  }  ^*^^P  s^^s  and  mucilaginous  drinks. 

^m'ta^'  Emed'^^^'  /  Starch  and  water,  astringent  infusions,  strong  tea. 


Mercury  and  its  Salts — Whites  of  eggs,  milk,  mucilaginous  drinks. 

Opium,  Morphine,  Laudanum,  Paregoric,  ( Strong  coffee,  hot  bath,  keep 
Soothing  Powders  and  Syrups  1  awake  and  moving  at  any  cost. 


288 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Resuscitation 

Persons  Rescued  from  Asphyxia  and  Drowning 

Extracted  from  “Prompt  Aid  to  the  Injured” 

By  Alvah  H.  Doty,  M.  D. 

The  treatment  of  persons  suffering  from  asphyxia  and  drowning  is 
in  both  cases  identical. 

Asphyxia  is  a  condition  of  unconsciousness  due  to  a  great  diminution 
of  oxygen  in  the  blood,  resulting  either  from  an  obstruction  to  the  pass¬ 
age  of  air  to  the  lungs,  or  to  the  presence  of  poisonous  gases  which  render 
the  air  unfit  for  respiration.  Among  the  numerous  causes  of  sufifocation, 
drowning  and  asphyxia  following  the  inhalation  of  poisonous  gases  are 
most  important  for  present  consideration. 

Asphyxia 

The  appearance  of  a  person  suffering  from  asphyxia  is  well  marked. 
The  face  is  of  a  dusky  or  purplish  hue  and  swollen.  The  respirations 
are  extremely  labored,  and  associated  with  convulsive  movements  and 
delirium.  If  relief  is  not  promptly  given,  these  symptoms  are  rapidly 
followed  by  unconsciousness  and  death. 

Treatment — The  first  step  consists  in  removing  the  cause  in  order 
that  the  lungs  may  be  supplied  with  the  proper  amount  of  pure  air. 
Stimulants  and  artificial  respiration  are  then  resorted  to  in  an  effort  to 
restore  the  different  functions  to  their  normal  condition. 

Artificial  Respiration — Sylvester’s  Method.  Before  artificial  respi¬ 
ration  is  begun,  the  patient  should  be  stripped  to  the  waist,  and  the 
clothing  around  the  latter  part  should  be  loosened  so  that  the  neces¬ 
sary  manipulations  of  the  chest  may  not  be  interfered  with.  The 
patient  is  to  be  placed  on  his  back  (Fig.  1)  with  a  roll  made  of  a  coat 
or  a  shawl  under  the  shoulders;  the  tongue  should  then  be  drawn 
forward  and  retained  by  a  handkerchief  which  is  placed  across  the 
extended  organ  and  carried  under  the  chin,  then  crossed  and  tied  at 
the  back  of  the  neck.  An  elastic  band  or  small  rubber  tube  or  a 
suspender  may  be  substituted  for  the  same  purpose.  If  no  other 
means  can  be  made  available,  a  hat  or  scarf  pin  may  be  thrust  verti¬ 
cally  through  the  end  of  the  tongue  without  injury  to  this  organ. 
The  attendant  should  kneel  at  the  head  and  grasp  the  elbows  of  the 
patient  and  draw  them  upward  until  the  hands  are  carried  above  the 


Fig.  1.  Sylvester's  Method.  First  Movement.  ("Inspiration) 


239 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


head  and  kept  in  this  position  until  one,  two,  three  can  be  slowly 
counted.  This  movement  elevates  the  ribs,  expands  the  chest,  and 
creates  a  vacuum  in  the  lungs  into  which  the  air  rushes,  or,  in  other 
words,  the  movement  produces  inspiration.  The  elbows  are  then  slowly 
carried  downward,  placed  by  the  side,  and  pressed  inward  against 
the  chest  (Fig.  2),  thereby  diminishing  the  size  of  the  latter  and  producing 
expiration.  These  movements  should  be  repeated  about  fifteen  times 
during  each  minute  for  at  least  two  hours,  provided  no  signs  of  animation 
present  themselves. 


Fig.  2.  Sylvester’s  Method.  Second  Movement.  (Expiration) 


Drowning 

In  the  case  of  asphyxia  or  suffocation  following  submersion  it  is  due  to 
the  fact  that  air  is  prevented  from  reaching  the  lungs.  More  or  less 
water  is  found  in  the  air  passages,  but  not  in  such  quantities  as  is  gen¬ 
erally  supposed.  Water,  however,  enters  the  stomach,  and  considerable 
is  found  mixed  with  mucus  in  the  throat.  Death  is  usually  the  result  of 
suffocation.  In  some  cases  it  may  be  due  to  sudden  heart  failure  before 
the  person  sinks.  When  such  is  the  case,  the  face  of  the  drowned  would 
be  pale  and  flabby.  There  is  a  better  chance  of  resuscitating  one  who 
sinks  from  this  cause  than  when  suffocated,  as  the  demand  for  o.xygen 
in  the  former  is  less  than  when  asphyxiated  by  submersion. 


Fig.  3.  Howard’s  Method  for  Water  Expulsion. 


240 


I 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Treatment  Preliminary  to  Artificial  Respiration— The  patient 
should  be  placed  face  downward,  with  a  pillow  or  roll  of  clothing 
under  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  the  head  resting  on  the  forearm,  which 
keeps  the  mouth  from  the  ground  and  renders  traction  on  the  tongue 
unnecessary.  T.  he  attendant  standing  over  the  drowned  person 
(Fig.  3),  should  then  place  his  left  hand  on  the  lower  and  back  part  of 
the  left  side  of  the  chest,  while  the  right  hand  is  laid  on  the  spinal 
column  about  on  a  line  or  a  little  above  the  left  hand;  firm  pressure 
IS  then  made  by  the  operator  throwing  the  weight  of  his  body  for¬ 
ward  on  his  hands;  this  is  to  be  continued  while  one,  two,  three  are 
counted  (slowly)  and  ended  with  a  push  which  helps  to  raise  the 
operator  to  an  upright  position  and  forcibly  expel  the  fluid.  These 
movements  should  be  repeated  two  or  three  times  if  fluid  continues 
to  flow  from  the  mouth. 

The  patient  should  then  be  turned  on  his  back  and  Sylvester’s 
method  of  artificial  respiration  (Figs.  1  and  2)  applied. 

Smelling  salts,  ammonia,  or  two  or  three  drops  of  nitrate  of  amyl, 
may  be  administered  by  inhalation,  or  the  nose  may  be  tickled  by  a 
feather  or  straw.  When  breathing  commences  and  consciousness 
returns,  the  patient  should  be  carefully  divested  of  all  wet  clothing 
(if  necessary,  the  clothing  should  be  cut  to  avoid  delay),  well  rubbed, 
and  wrapped  in  warm  covering,  and  stimulants  administered. 


241 


EVERYTHING  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


INDEX 


Page  Nos. 

A 

Air  and  Gas  Reversing  Valves 

.  99,  100,  101 

Air  and  Gas  Reversing  Valves, 
Table  of  Comparative  Ca¬ 


pacities  of .  100 

Air  Compressors .  96 

Air-Mixer  Burners  (Patented) 

.  56,  58,  69 

Air  Storage  Tanks .  96 

Annealing  Kilns,  Plate  Glass . .  29 

“  Lehrs,  Plate  Glass. .  29 

Anvils,  Blacksmith .  110 

Arch  Blocks .  Ill 

Arches,  Doghouse . Ill,  118 

“  Pot . 13,14 


B 


Barrel  Trucks .  94 

Barrows,  Steel  Batch .  102 

Bars,  Cruciform .  53 

“  Pot  Setting . 62,63,65 

“  Steel .  84 

Batch  Carts .  71 

“  Elevators  and  Convey¬ 


ors  . 102,  103,  104 

“  Filling  Shovels . 82,83 

“  Mixers,  Rotary . 76,  102 

“  Screens,  Steel .  102 

Belt  Conveyors,  Endless . . .  102,  103 


Bench  Bars .  67 

“  Clay .  Ill 

“  Rakes . 63,66 

“  Repair  Paddles .  66 

Bit  Kettles . 67,  69 

Blacksmith  Shop  Equipment. .  110 

Blades,  Steel  Table .  85 

Blast  Gates .  96 

Block  Carriages .  62 

“  Kilns,  Ironwork  for .  52 

Blocking  Box,  Gatherers’ .  66 

Blocks,  Tank  and  Furnace .  111-118 

“  Arch .  Ill 

“  Top  and  Bottom  (“  B”).  115 

“  Bottom  .  Ill 

“  Burner  (  Dixon ) . 113 

“  Covering  (“  C  ”) .  115 

“  Cap .  Ill 

“  Doghouse  Mantle .  114 

“  Top  of  Port  (“E  ”)....  113 

“  Eye .  Ill 

“  Filling  Hole  (“  H  ”).. .  114 

“  Doghouse  Corner  (“L”)  114 

“  Pillar .  Ill 

“  Producer  Poke-hole. . .  Ill 

“  “  Hopper .  Ill 


Page  Nos. 

Blocks,  Refractory .  Ill 

“  Skew .  113 

“  Tankwall .  115 

“  “  Tuckstone . .  116 

Blow  Furnaces .  28 

Blowers’  Dummies . 74,  75 

Blowers  for  Gas  Producers, 

Steam . 56,  57 

Blowers,  Forge .  110 

“  Pressure  (hand  power)  110 
“  Pressure  and  Volume  96 

“  Scales,  Glass . 94,96 

Blowing  Machinery,  Modern 

Pressing  and . 17-23 

Blow  Pipes . 76,  77,  85 

Blue  Marver  Stones .  77 

Boots,  Gatherers’ .  119 

Carolina  Boots .  125 

Circular  Boots .  122 

Diamond  Boots .  123 

Dixon  Boots .  120 

Fox  Boots .  126 

Humphrey  Boots .  127 

McKee  Boots .  128 

McLaughlin  Boots .  124 

Star  Boots .  121 

Whitney  Boots .  129 

Boshes,  Cooling .  81 

“  Water . 69,81 

Bottle  Lehrs,  Ironwork  for. ...  42 

“  Scales  .  96 

Bottom  Blocks . Ill,  114 

Box  Printing  Presses .  110 

“  Shop  Equipment .  110 

“  Trucks .  110 

Boxes,  Blocking .  66 

“  Capping .  82 

“  Cullet . 77,82,85 

“  Flattener’s  Cullet .  82 

“  Novel . 82,84 

Breastwall  Hooks . 63,66 

Brick,  Fireclay . Ill,  130-137 

“  Forks . 62,63 

“  Kiln,  Ironwork  for 52 

“  Paddles .  62 

“  Silica . 111,130-141 

“  Stacks .  36 

Buckets,  Malleable  Iron  Con¬ 
veyor  . 102, 103 

Bull  Hooks . 82,  84,  89 

Burner  Blocks,  Dixon .  113 

Burners,  Gloryhule .  77 

“  Lehr,  Air-Mixer  Pat¬ 
ented . 56,  58,  59 

Burner  Nipples .  51 

Burners, Oil  . 96,  100 


For  Producer  Gas 
. 54,  158,  159 


242 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


INDEX- 

Page  Nos. 

c 

“C”  Blocks .  115 

Cap  Brick .  Ill 

Capping  Boxes .  82 

Carriage,  Block .  62 

Carriages,  Floater . 82,  86,  86 

“  Mould  Oven 49 

“  Mould  Transfer. ...  76 

“  Pot . 62,64,65 

Carriers,  Coburn  Trolley 

. . 85,  108,  109,  no 

Carrying-in  Device . 44,  46 

Carrier  for  Lehrs,  Endless. .  .47,  48 

Carts,  Batch .  71 

Carrying-in  Tools .  77 

Casting  Tables . 86,  90 

Cathedral  Glass  Rolling  Tables  91 
Chain  Conveyors,  Endless 

. 56, 102,103,104 

Chairs,  Finishers . 71,  72,  77 

Chests,  Cleaning-off. .  .69,  70,  71,  77 

Clamps,  Pot .  86 

Clay,  Bench .  Ill 

“  Fire  .  Ill 

“  Mortar .  Ill 

Cleaning-off  Chests. .  .69,  70,  71,  77 
Compensators,  Electric  Motor 

37  38  39 

Coburn  Trolleys. .  .85,  108,  109,  110 

Color  Room  Pans .  102 

“  “  Scales .  102 

“  “  Scoops .  102 

Compressors,  Air .  96 

Conduits,  Gas .  36 

Continuous  Melting  Tank  Fur¬ 
naces  . 16,  24,  25 

Conveyors,  Endless  Chain 

.  66,  102,  103,  104 

Conveyors,  Endless  Belt. .  .102,  103 

Spiral . 102,104 

Cooling  Tubs  or  Boshes .  81 

Corundite .  Ill 

Covering  (“C”)  Blocks .  115 

Cranes .  81 

Croppers . 85,  89 

Cruciform  Bars,  Lehr .  53 

Crimping  Machines .  76 

Cullet  Boxes,  Cutters .  85 

Cutters’  Pliers  or  Pinchers. ...  85 

Cullet  Boxes,  Flatteners’  ...  .77,  82 

Cutters,  Stencil .  110 

“  Tables,  Squares,  Pins 
and  Rules .  85 

D 

Decorating  Lehrs .  13 

“  Lehrs, Ironwork  for  51 
“  Ovens  .  13 


Continued 

Pago  Nos. 

Decorating  Ovens,  1  n  )nwork  for  51 
Detector,  Furnaceman’s  Time 

. 105, 106 

Dips,  Glass .  85 

Dixon  Spout .  117 

Doghouse  Arch,  Skew  and 

Mantle  Blocks .  118 

Doghouse  Corner  (“L”)  Blocks  114 
Doors,  Adjustable  Self-Closing 

Lehr . 43,  48 

Doors,  Cleaning . 55,  57 

Drawing  Machinery,  Window 

Glass . 26,  27 

Dummies,  Blowers’ . » .  .74,  75 


Electric  Drive  for  Glass  Ma¬ 
chinery . 37,  38,  39 

Electric  Safety  Devices.  .  .105,  106 
Elevators  and  Conveyors, 

Batch . 102,  103,  104 

End  Port  Tank  Furnaces. ...  16,  30 

Engines,  Gas . 101,  102 

Exhaust  Fans,  Ventilating  and  96 

Express  Trucks . 94,  96 

Eye  Blocks .  Ill 


Fans,  Ventilating  and  Exhaust 

. 96,  97 

Filling  Hole  (“  H  ”)  Blocks...  114 

“  Shovels,  Batch . 82,  83 

Filling-in  Shovels . .  85 

Finishers’  Chairs . . .  .71,  72,  77 

Finishing  Tools . 69,  77 

Fire  Clay  Brick . Ill,  130-137 

P'irm  Plates .  81 

Flatteners’ Cullet  Boxes .  82 

“  Tools .  85 

Flattening  Ovens  and  Lehrs  . .  28 

“  Stones .  Ill 

Flint  Glass  Furnaces,  Ironwork 

for .  42 

Flint  Glass  Lehrs  . .  12 

“  “  “  Ironwork  for  42 

“  “  Pot  Furnaces,  Re¬ 
generative  .  11 

Floater  Carriages . 82,  85,  86 

“  Kilns .  28 

“  “  Ironwork  for ... .  52 

Floaters . Ill,  112 

Flues,  Gas .  35 

Forge  Blowers .  110 

Forges,  Blacksmith .  110 

Forks,  Brick .  62 

“  Piling . 85,87 

Forter  Gas  Reversing  Valves 
. 100, 101 


243 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


INDEX— Continued 


Page  Nos. 

Furnace  Blocks . 111-118  i 

Furnaces,  Blow .  28  ■ 

“  Continuous  Melting 

Tank . 16,  24,  25 

“  End  Port  Tank  ...  16,  30  i 

“  Ironwork  for .  51 

“  Plate  Glass  Melting  29 

“  Recuperative .  30 

“  Regenerative  Flint 

Glass  Pot .  11 

“  Side  Port  Tank.  15, 26-27 

“  Window  Glass  Tank 

.  25,  26,  27  I 


G 


Gas  Conduits .  35 

“  Engines .  102 

“  Flues .  35 

“  Pipes .  35 

“  Producers . 31-34 

“  “  Ironwork  for .. .  55 

“  Reversing  Valves,  Air  and 

. 99,  100,  101 

Grates,  Blast .  96 

Gatherers’  Blocking  Boxes. ...  66 

Gathering  Rings .  Ill 

Gatherers’  Shadow  Pans . 66,  71 

Gathering  Pigs .  67 

Glass  Bending  Kilns .  30 

“  “  Lehrs .  30 

“  Blowers’ Pipes . 76,77,85 

“  “  Scales . 94,  96 

“  Dips  .  85 

“  Ladles . 67,  85,91 

“  Recipes .  7 

“  Spreaders .  85 

Gloryhole  Burners .  77 

Gloryholes,  Ironwork  for .  49 

Gloryhole  Pigs .  73 

Gloryholes,  Portable . 76,  77 

“  Stationary .  13 


Page  Nos. 


Ironwork,  Bottle  Lehrs .  42 

“  Brick  Kilns .  62 

“  Decorating  Ovens 

and  Lehrs .  51 

“  Flint  Glass  Furnaces  42 

“  “  “  Lehrs ...  42 

“  Floater  Kilns . 62,  55 

“  Furnaces .  61 

“  Gas  Producers, Pipes, 

Flues  and  Conduits  55 

“  Gloryholes .  49 

“  Mould  Ovens .  49 

“  Plaster  Kilns .  55 

“  Plate  Cilass  Furnaces  54 

“  “  “  Kilns  ...  54 

“  “  “  Lehrs ...  54 

“  Pot  Arches .  49 

“  Staining  Kilns .  61 

“  Tank  Block  Kilns.  52,55 

"  “  Furnaces .  51 

“  Window  Glass  Blow 

Furnaces .  52 

“  Window  Glass  Flat¬ 

tening  Ovens  and 

Lehrs .  52 

Irons,  Skimming .  85 


K 


Kettles,  Bit . 67,  69 

“  Knob . 66,67 

“  Ladling . 67,  68,  82 

“  Stationary . 67,  68,  69 

“  Tilting .  68 

Kilns,  Decorating . 13,  14 

“  Floater .  28 

“  Glass  Bending .  30 

“  and  Lehrs,  Glass  Bend¬ 
ing  .  30 

“  Plate  Glass  Annealing. .  29 

“  Stained  Glass .  15 

Knob  Kettles . 66,  67 


H 

Heating  Stoves .  85 

High  Temperature  Pyrometers 

. 105, 107 

Hoisting  Winches .  94  j 

Hooks,  Breastwall . 63,  66 

“  Bull . 82,  84,  86 

"  Ring. . 85,  89 

“  Single  .  84 

Hopper  Blocks,  Producers. . . .  Ill 

Horses,  Roller .  82 

Hot  Stoves . 71,  73 

I 

Ironwork .  41 

“  Block  Kilns .  52 


L 

Ladles . 67,  81,  85,  91 

Ladling  Kettles . 67,68,  82 

Lazybones .  62 

Lehr  Air  Mixer  Burners.  .66,  58,  59 

Lehrs,  Decorating .  13 

Lehr  Doors,  Adjustable  Self- 

Closing . 43,  48 

Lehr  Pans .  48 

Lehrs,  Endless  Carrier  for. .  .47,  48 

“  Flattening  Ovens  and . .  28 

“  Flint  Glass .  12 

“  Glass  Bending .  30 

“  Plate  Glass  Annealing.  29 

Low  Temperature  Pyrometers  107 
Lubricating  Soap .  85 


244 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


INDEX— Continued 


Pasfe  Nos. 

M 

Mantle  Blocks,  Doghouse .  114 

Marver  Plates . 69,  77 

“  Stones,  Blue .  77 

Melting  Furnaces,  Plate  Glass  29 
“  Tank  Furnaces,  Con¬ 
tinuous  . 15, 16, 25-27 

Melting  Tank  Furnaces,  Iron¬ 
work  for  Continuous .  51 

Mineral  Paint . 56 

Mixers,  Rotary  Batcli . 76,  102 

Monkey  Pots,  Carriages  for 

Setting . 62,  65 

Monkey  Wrenches .  96 

Motors,  Electric . 37,  38,  39 

Mould  Transfer  Carriages  ....  76 

“  Ovens . 13,14 

“  ‘‘  Carriages  for ... .  49 

“  “  Ironwork  for  ....  49 

Muffle  Tile . 140,  141 

Mushroom  Valves . 55,  56,  57 

N 

Nigger  Heads .  66 

Nipples,  Burner .  51 

Novel  Boxes . .82,  84 

Nozzles,  Wind  Pipe . 96,  98 

O 

Oil  Burners . 96,  100 

“  Pumps .  96 

Opal  Glass  Tanks .  15 

Oven  Carriages,  Mould .  49 

Ovens,  Decorating .  13 

“  Flattening .  28 

“  Mould  . 13,  14 

P 

Paddles,  Bench  Repair .  66 

“  Carrying-in .  .  77 

“  Clay  or  Brick .  62 

Paint,  Mineral .  56 

Pans,  Color  Rooms .  102 

“  Lehr .  48 

“  Shade .  66 

“  Shadow . 66,71 

“  Ware . 51,77 

“  Steel  Water .  55 

Paper,  Stencil .  110 

Peanut  Roasters . 77-80 

Pigs,  Gathering .  67 

“  Gloryholes .  73 

Piling  Forks . 85,  87 

Pillar  Blocks .  Ill 

Pins,  Cutters’ .  85 

Pipes,  Blow . 76,  77,  85 

“  Gas .  35 


Page  Nos. 

Pipes,  Wind . 

. 76,  96 

Plaster  Kilns,  Ironwork  for  ...  55 

Plate  Glass  Annealing 

Kilns  29 

Plate  Glass  Annealing  Kilns, 

Ironwork  for . 

.  54 

Plate  Glass  Annealing 

Lehrs  29 

Plate  Glass  Annealing 

Lehrs, 

Ironwork  for.  . . . 

Plate  Glass  Melting  F  urnaces.  29 

Plate  Glass  Melting  Furnaces, 

Ironwork  for . 

.  54 

Plates,  Marver . . . 

.  69 

“  Firm . 

.  81 

Platform  Scales,  Secret. 

.  102 

Pliers,  Cutters’ . 

.  85 

Poke-hole  Castings . . 

. 55,57 

Pokers,  Steel . 

.  56 

Poles,  Sponge . 

.  66 

Pot  Arches . 

. 13,  14 

“  “  Ironwork  for 

.  49 

“  Clamps . 

.  85 

“  Furnaces,  Regenerative 

F  lint  Glass . 

.  11 

“  Pullers . 

73 

“  Rings . 

“  Setting  Bars . 

.62,  63,  65 

“  “  Carriages  . . 

.  62,  64,  65 

“  Lazybones  for  ....  62 

“  Stoppers . 

.  Ill 

“  Trucks . 

“  Wagons . 

Power  Plants,  Producer  Gas  . .  34 

Pressing  and  Blowing  Machin¬ 
ery,  Modern . . 17-23 

Presses,  Box  Printing .  110 

Pressure  Blowers,  Hand  Power  110 
“  “  Volume  and 

. 96,  97,  98 

Producer  Hoppers .  Ill 

Producer  Poke-holes . Ill 

Producers,  Gas . 31-34 

“  Steam  Blowers  for 

Gas . 56,  57 

Prongs .  82 

Pullers,  Pot .  73 

Pulling  Rigs . 46,  48 

Pumps,  Oil .  96 

“  Water .  i)6 

Punties .  76 

Pyrometers, High  Temperature 

. 105,  107 

Pyrometers,  Low  Temperature  107 

R 


Rakes,  Bench . 63,  66 

“  Brick .  66 

Rails .  94 


245 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


Continued 


INDEX 


Page  Nos. 

Recipes,  Glass .  7 

Recuperative  Furnaces .  30 

Refractory  Furnace  Blocks 

. 111-118 

Regenerative  Flint  Glass  Pot 

Furnaces .  11 

Regenerator  Tile .  137 

Reversing  Valves,  Air  and  Gas 

. i)9, 100,  101 

Ring  Hooks . 85,  89 

Rings,  Gathering .  Ill 

“  Pot .  Ill 

Ring  Shades .  Ill 

Rip  Saws .  110 

Roasters,  Peanut . 77-80 

Rods,  Swab .  85 

“  Cruikshank  Pat.  Lehr. .  53 

Roller  Horses .  82 

“  Wagons . 84,  85 

Rolling  Tables, Cathedral  Glass  91 

Rolls .  85 

Rules,  Cutters’ .  85 

S 

Safety  Devices,  Electric. .  .105,  106 

Sand  Box  Ware  Stands .  73 

Saucer  Valves . 55,  56,  57 

Saws,  Rip .  110 

Scales,  Bottle .  96 

“  Color  Room .  102 

“  Glass  Blowers’ . 94,96 

“  Secret  Platform .  102 

Scoops,  Color  Room . 102 

Scrapers,  Stone . 85,  88 

Scraping  Ladles .  67 

Screens,  Steel  Batch .  102 

Secret  Platform  Scales .  102 

Screw  Stands . 54,  55,  56 

Shade  Pans .  66 

Shades  .  81 

Shadow  Pans . 66,  71 

Shade  Stones .  Ill 

Shears  .  76 

Shovels,  Batch  Filling . 82,  83 

“  Steel  Batch .  102 

Side  Port  Tank  Furnaces.  15,  25-27 
Siemens  Air  and  Gas  Revers¬ 
ing  Valves  . 99,  100 

Silica  Brick . Ill,  130-141 

Single  Hooks .  84 

Skew  Blocks .  113 

Skimming  Irons .  85 

Snaps . 69,  77 

Soap  Lubricating .  85 

Spiece  . 85,87 

Sponge  Poles .  66 

Spouts,  Dixon .  117 

Spiral  Conveyors . 102,  104 


Page  Nos. 

Spreaders,  Glass . 

.  85 

Squares,  Cutters’ . 

.  85 

Stacks,  Steel  and  Brick. 

. 36,  48 

Staining  Kilns,  Ironwork  for  .  .  51 

Stained  Glass  Kilns  .... 

.  15 

Stands,  Bottle  Snaps  . . . 

r'r' 

“  Sand  Box  Ware 

.  73 

“  Screw . 

..54,  55,  56 

“  Ware . 

.  73 

Steam  Blowers  for  Producers 

. 56,  57 

Steel  Bars . 

.  84 

“  Stacks  . 

.  36 

“  Table  Blades . 

.  85 

“  Towers  . 

.  96 

“  Twangs . 

.  85 

Stencil  Cutters . 

.  110 

“  Paper . 

.  110 

Stones,  Blue  Marver  .  . . 

.  77 

Stone,  Flattening . 

.  Ill 

“  Scrapers . 

....  85,  88 

Stones,  Shade . 

.  Ill 

Stoppers,  Pot . 

.  Ill 

Storage  Tanks . 

.  96 

Stoves,  Heating . . 

.  85 

Stowing  Tools . 

....55,  85 

Stoves,  Hot . 

. . . .71,  73 

Swab  Rods . 

.  85 

T 

Table  Blades,  Steel . 

.  85 

“  Cathedral  Glass  R 

oiling  91 

Tables,  Casting . 

....  85,  90 

“  Cutters’ . 

.  85 

Tank  Block  Kilns,  Ironwork  for  52 

“  Blocks .  Ill 

“  Furnaces,  End  Port  . .  .16,  30 
“  “  Side  Port.l5,  25-27 

“  "  WindowGlass 

. 25,  26,  27 


“  Opal  Glass .  15 

Tanks,  Storage .  96 

“  Water .  96 

Tank  Wall  Blocks .  115 

“  “  Tuckstones .  116 

Tile  Muffle . 140,  141 

“  Regenerator .  137 

Tilting  Kettles .  68 

Time  Detector,  Furnaceman’s 

. 105,  106 

Tools  and  Implements .  61 

Flint  Glass  Factories . 62-76 

Green  Bottle  Factories  . . .  .77-80 

Plate  Glass  Factories  . 81-91 

Skylight  Glass  Factories. .  .81-91 
Window  Glass  Factories. .  .81-91 
Miscellaneous  . 93-110 


246 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


INDEX— Continued 

Page  Nos. 

Tools,  Stowing .  85  i 


Top  of  Port  (“  E  ”)  Blocks. . .  113 

Towers,  Steel .  96 

Transfer  Carriages,  Mould _  76 

Trefers .  81 

Trolleys,  Coburn . 85,  108-110 

Trucks,  Barrel .  94 

“  Box .  110 

“  Pot . ■ . 71,73 

“  Warehouse . 94,  95,  110 

Tuckstones,  Tankwall .  116 

Tuile  Holsts .  54 

Turtle  Wagons .  85 

Twangs,  Steel .  85 

V 

Valves,  Forter  Gas  Reversing 

. 100,  101 

Valves,  Saucer  or  Mushroom. 55-57 
“  Siemens  Air  Reversing 

. 99,  100 

Volume  Blowers .  96 

Ventilating  and  Exhaust  Fans.  96  | 


Page  Nos. 

w 

Wagons,  Pot .  85 

“  Roller . 84,85 

Turtle .  85 

Warehouse  Trucks . 94,  95,  110 

Ware  Pans .  51  77 

“  Stands .  ’73 

“  “  Sand  Box .  73 

“  “  Solid  Top .  73 

Water  Boshes . 69,  81 

“  Pans,  Steel . ’55 

“  Pumps  .  96 

“  Tanks .  9(5 

Winches,  Hoisting .  34 

Window  Glass  Blow  Furnaces, 

Ironwork  for .  52 

Window  Glass  Drawing  Ma¬ 
chinery . 26,  27 

Window  Glass  Tank  Furnaces 

. . 25,  26,27 

Window  Glass  Flattening 

Ovens  and  Lehrs .  28 

Window  Glass  Flattening 
Ovens  and  Lehrs,  Ironwork 

for .  52 

Wind  Pipes . 76,  96 

Worm  Gear  Attachments .  48 

Wrenches,  Monkey,  Lev'er  and 

“  C:  ”  nn 


INDEX 

to 

Supplement  of  Tables  and  Useful  Information 


Page  Nos. 


Absolute  Zero .  181 

Air. . .  192 

Air  Delivery,  Table  giving 

Quantity  of  Air  of  a  given  1 

Density  by  a  Fan .  199 

Calculating  Friction  Losses, 

Formula  for .  199 

Efficiency  of  Fans  and  Posi¬ 
tive  Blowers,  Comparative  199 
Fans,  Blowers  and  Compres¬ 
sors,  Data  on .  193  [ 

P'low  of  Air  through  Orifices, 

Table  of .  197  | 

Forced  Draft  Capacity,  Table  1 

for  Blowers .  196  1 

Piston  Displacement  in  Air  ' 

Cylinders  at  Varying 

Speeds,  Table  of .  201 

Pressure  Losses  for  Varying 
Velocities  and  Diameters  1 

of  Pipes .  200  I 


Page  Nos. 

Pressure  Losses  through 

Friction,  Table  of .  194 

Pransm’s’n  of  Air  Volumes  in 
Pipes  of  V arious  Diameters  198 
Volume  and  Density  ol  Air 
at  Various  Temperatures, 

Table  of .  193 

Weights  of  Galvanized  Iron 

Pipe,  Table  of .  195 

Algebraic  and  Arithmetical 
Signs  used  in  Mathmetical 

Calculations .  163 

Antidotes  for  Poisons .  238 

Area  and  Circumferences  of 
Circles,  Table  of. . .  .177,  178,  179 
Asphyxia,  Treatment  for  .  .239-241 

B 

Belting  . . . 183-188 

Belt  Sizes  for  Transmitting 
\"arious  Horse  Powers, 
Table  of .  188 


247 


EVERYTHIN  G  FOR  THE  GLASSHOUSE 


INDEX- 

Page  Nos. 

Horse  Power  of  Belting,  Rule 

for . 185-187 

Economical  Application  and 

Operation  of  Belts,  Rules 

for . 183-185 

Boilers,  Data  on  Steam .  210 

Brickwork .  145 

General  Information  ....  145,  146 
Shipments .  146 

C 

Cement .  146 

General  Information  . . .  .146,  147 

Weights,  Table  of .  147 

Circles,  Table  of  Circumferen¬ 
ces  and  Areas  of . 177-179 

Clay  Pottery . 147,  149 

Clay  Working,  Cone  Num¬ 
bers  for .  149 

Composition  and  Fusing 
Points  of  Seger  Cones, 

Table  of . 150-152 

Elements  and  Symbols  used 

in  Seger  Cone  Table .  152 

Seger  Cones .  149 

Coal .  211 

Analysis  of  Coals . 212,  213 

Grade  Divisions . 211 

Concrete . 147 

Concrete  Mixtures,  Table  of 
Material  for .  148 

D 

Decimals  of  an  Inch,  Table  of.  175 
Drowning,  Treatment  for  .  .239-241 

E 

Electricity .  191 

Electrical  Calculations,  Rules 

for  Simple .  191 

Electrical  Units .  191 

Equivalents  of  Electrical 

Units .  191 

Relation  of  Speed,  Alterna¬ 
tions  and  Number  of  Poles 
in  Alternating  Current 

Machinery .  191 

Elements  and  their  Atomic 

Weights,  Table  of .  153 

Engines,  Horse  Power  of .  208 

F 

Fans  and  Blowers,  Data  on  . . .  193 

Fuel,  Data  on .  211 

Coal . 211-213 

Gas . 215-230 

Oil . 213-215 


Continued 


Page  Nos. 


Gas,  Data  on . 215-230 

Analysis,  Gas .  226 

Bench  Gas .  221 

Blast  Furnace  Gas .  229 

Carbonic  Oxide .  218 

“  Acid  . .  218 

Coke  Oven  Gas .  229 

Commercial  Gases,  Constitu¬ 
ent  Parts  of . 216-226 

Marsh  Gas .  220 

Natural  Gas . 215,229 

Nitrogen  .  218 

Oil  Gas .  228 

Olefiant  Gas .  220 

Oxygen .  218 

Producer  Gas . 215,225 

Useful  Notes  for  Calculations  215 

Water  Gas,  Carbureted . 223 

Gas  Measurement,  Multipliers 

for .  230 

Gearing .  189 

Bevel  Gears .  189 

Rules  for  Calculating  Gear 

Problems . 189,  190 

Spur  Gears .  189 

Table  of  Pitches .  190 

Glasshouse  Data .  154 

Invoice  Calculating  Table 

for  Soda  Ash .  154 

Painting,  Interior  and  Exte¬ 
rior  . 155,  156 

Temperature  Constants  for 

Glass  Working .  154 

Washes, Interiorand  Exterior  156 
Washing  Iron  from  Chest 
Cullet . 154,  155 

H 

Heat,  Latent .  234 

Heat  on  Various  Bodies,  Effect 

of . . . . 235,  236 

Heat,  Specific .  234 

Heat,  Units  of . 205,206 

Horse  Power,  Definition  of . . . .  208 
Horse  Power  of  an  Engine ....  208 

Hydraulics,  Data  on . 202-204 

Friction  of  Water  in  Pipes, 

Table  of . . .  203 

Pressure  Determinations, etc. 

. 202,  204 

Useful  Notes  for  Hydraulic 
Calculations .  202 

I 

Iron, Steel  and  other  Metals.  164-173 
Color  Effect  of  Heat  on  Iron  167 
Computing  Weight  of  Iron 
Castings .  166 


248 


H.  L.  DIXON  COMPANY,  PITTSBURG 


Computing  Weight  of  Iron 

and  Steel . 

Conversion  Table  of  Weights 

of  Metals . 

Foreign  Substances  in  Iron 

and  Steel . 

Fusing  Point  and  Character 

of  Metals,  Table  of . 

Metal  Weights  per  Super¬ 
ficial  Foot,  Table  of . 

Melting  Points  of  Fusible 

Plugs,  Table  of . 

Melting  Points  of  Lead, 

Table  of . 

Melting  Points  of  Solder, 

Table  of .  169 

Notes  on  the  Working  of 

Steel . 164,  165 

Specific  Gravities  of  Common 

Metals .  167 

Suitable  Working  Tempera¬ 
tures,  Table  of .  168 

Temperature  Chart  giving 
Principal  Melting  and 
Freezing  Points  and  other 
Metallurgic’l  Temp’ratures  171 
Tempering  of  Steel,  Colors 
Corresponding  toTempera- 


tures .  167 

Tempering  of  Tools .  168 

Tests  for  Iron  and  Steel. . . .  164 
Weights  of  various  Metal 
Castings  from  Patterns, 
Table  giving .  166 

L 

Latent  Heat .  234 

Lime .  146 

General  Information .  146 

Weights,  Table  of .  147 

Loads  on  Floors,  Safe  Live  . . .  236 

M 

Measures  and  Weights,  Equiv¬ 
alents  of .  169 

Measures,  French  or  Metric 

System  of .  160 

Mensuration .  157 


Dry  Measure, Liquid  or  Wine 
Measure,  Long  Measure, 
Gunters  Chain,  Nautical 
Measure,  Square  Measure  167 
Solid  Measure,  Troy  Weight, 
Avoirdupois  Weight, 
Apothecaries  Weight  and 


Measure .  158 

Metric  System  of  Measures. . .  160 

Decimal  Equivalents .  161 

Metric  Conversion  Table  . . .  162 


Pajs'e  Nos. 

Mortar . 146 

General  Information .  146 

O 

Oil,  Data  on . 213-215 

Weightand  Volume  of  Crude 
Oils,  Table  of .  215 

P 

Pipe,Weights  of  Galv’niz’d  Iron  195 

Poisons,  Antidotes  for .  238 

Power  Transmission  Data  ....  182 

Belting . 183-188 

Compressed  Air .  192 

Electricity .  191 

Gearing .  189 

Pulleys .  183 

Shaft  Bearings .  182 

Shafting .  182 

Power,  Units  of .  206 

R 

Recipes,  Workshop . 172,  173 

S 

Screw  and  its  Power,  The .  175 

Screw  Threads,  Table  of 

Standard .  174 

Seger  Cones . 149-152 

Shaft  Bearings .  182 

Shafting .  182 

Signs,  Arithmet’l  and  Algebraic  163 
Soils,  Sustaining  Power  of  ....  147 

Specific  Gravity .  231 

Specific  Gravity  of  Miscellane¬ 
ous  Substances . 231-234 

Specific  Heat .  234 

Steam,  Data  on .  205 

Cost  of  Coal  for  Steam  Power  209 
Heat  Units,  Comparative 

Table  of .  205 

Steam  Boilers .  210 

Table  of  Properties  of  Satu¬ 
rated  Steam .  207 

Stone  .  231 

Suffocation,  Treatment  for. 239-241 
Surfaces  and  Volumes,  Equiv¬ 
alents  of .  159 

T 

Thermometers .  180 

W 

Weights  of  Miscellaneous  Sub¬ 
stances  per  Cubic  Foot.  .237,  238 
Weights  of  Miscellaneous  Sub¬ 
stances  per  Cubic  Inch  .  .231-234 
WireGaugeStandards,TabIeof  176 


Workshop  Recipes . 172,  173 

Z 

Zero,  Absolute .  181 


INDEX— Continued 

Page  Nos. 

166 
167 
165 
170 
167 
169 
169 


249 


# 


.c 

‘r 


t 


7V' 


V 


4 


